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THOMAS HARDY: THE AUTHOR AND HIS TIMES

Today's readers may find Thomas Hardy's outlook stern and grim.
Hardy, however, was beloved in his own time.  In an age when the
Industrial Revolution was bringing dramatic and sometimes disturbing
change to England, he celebrated the nation's roots in its rural
past.  In an age when new ideas like Darwin's theory of evolution
challenged traditional religious beliefs, Hardy showed that even the
simplest people have always wrestled with similar timeless questions:
How are we to live?  What determines our fate?  Are we really
independent beings?  He spoke directly to the concerns of people
trembling on the brink of a new era.

Though he dealt with serious questions, Hardy was an immensely
popular novelist because he believed in telling a good story.  And he
liked to write about ordinary people.  Their problems, their triumphs
or defeats, were in his view the most important material for any
novelist.

Born in 1840, Hardy grew up in middle-class comfort near the
provincial English town of Dorchester.  His father was a stone mason,
successful enough that he could afford to employ assistants.  His
mother, who wanted a better class of life, made certain that her son
was educated in the classics.  Young Hardy showed a gift for language
early, but when it came time to choose a career, he went off to
become an architect, spending some years in London.  As he worked at
that trade, however, his literary talent inevitably asserted itself.
He started to publish fiction; he began to get recognition for it.
Eventually, after marrying Emma Gifford, a church organist from
London, he returned to the Wessex countryside, the scene of The
Return of the Native.  Until his death at 87, he remained in the
area, writing novels and, later, poetry, living simply and quietly
despite world-wide fame.

His writing, however, reveals a mind and a soul that are anything but
quiet.  He questions the conventions of his day--marriage, for
instance.  He probes into the complexities of human psychology, of
religion, of political theory.  Though he lived in isolation, he was
in touch with all the intellectual upheavals of the age.  And it was
an exciting, puzzling time.  The recent invention of the steam engine
had made travel fast and easy, and people suddenly had a different
perception of distance, even of time.  Suddenly, factories were
springing up everywhere, and the quick money offered by new
industries drew people from the farmlands to city slums.  Typical
English life, which had been rural, now took on a new character.
People began to see themselves and their fellow men in a different
light.  The British government responded to these social changes by
passing laws to guarantee conditions we take for granted today:
voting rights for all social classes; regulations to promote health
and sanitation; and programs to help the poor, the ill, and the
elderly.  Many of the ideas in the air could fairly be called
"liberal," and they probably have much to do with Clym Yeobright's
ideas in The Return of the Native.

The nineteenth century also faced Darwin's shocking (or exciting,
depending on one's point of view) theory of evolution.  The Bible
seemed to be brought into question, as Darwin suggested that man had
evolved from a lower animal rather than being created by God in God's
own image.  Organized religion staggered from this blow.  And
evolutionary theory was just one of many scientific discoveries that
were changing the way people thought about the nature of existence.
Hardy was well aware of these intellectual trends.  Though he wrote
about uneducated rural characters in lonely hamlets, he wrote from
the point of view of a thinker who questions traditional beliefs.
This voice is, clearly, that of an agnostic.  He does not know
whether or not God exists; he does not know if the universe works
upon principles of justice.

Grim as his philosophical views may be, Hardy delights us with his
lively individuals and his love of the English countryside.  Like
Shakespeare, he has a fine ear for local dialects.  He had a
painter's eye for dramatic scenes in nature.  His heart goes out to
the enduring decency of simple country people who work hard and do
not indulge themselves in idleness or selfishness.

Is he too hard on characters like Eustacia Vye, who yearns for the
city life Hardy spurned, or on Damon Wildeve, who cares for little
but money and pleasure?  Perhaps.  Hardy often seems to be a stern
and rigorous moralist.  To balance this, however, he finds some hope
in the homely virtues of characters like Thomasin Yeobright or
Diggory Venn.

Though Hardy isn't exactly a cheerful writer, his novels are hard to
put down.  The reader is gripped by a sense of life rushing
irrevocably onward.  We become involved in the characters' dilemmas,
and with them we feel torn between what people think they want and
what life actually brings them in the end.

Unquestionably, Hardy speaks directly and powerfully to some need
within us all.  We, too, question fate.  We, too, hope that
unselfishness will be rewarded.  The Return of the Native, condemned
by critics when it first appeared, may be Hardy's greatest novel.  It
has faults, many of which may strike you right away.  But the story
and its unforgettable characters will lodge in your consciousness.
You may find yourself thinking, "Yes, this is how life is." You may
even begin to see the eternal questions which Hardy ponders cropping
up in your own daily life.  You are about to read a tale of country
life, but it is really a story of the greater world in which human
beings have always lived, and will forever live.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: THE PLOT

In a neglected, wild area of the English countryside, bonfires are
being lit to mark the coming of winter.  As the country folk
celebrate this ancient custom, we learn that the emotional lives of
several people are in turmoil.  Thomasin Yeobright, niece of the
highly respectable Mrs.  Yeobright, has been stood up on her wedding
day.  Disgraced, she has returned home.  Wildeve, the man she was
engaged to, (against her aunt's wishes), is a handsome lady-killer
who has failed as an engineer and now runs an inn and tavern named
The Quiet Woman.  He still pledges to marry Thomasin, but secretly he
is torn between her and Eustacia Vye, a strange and beautiful young
woman who lives with her grandfather, a retired sea captain.  The
Vyes' lonely cottage is situated in the middle of Egdon Heath, a
great wasteland that is the center of the novel's action.

For some weeks, Wildeve cannot make up his mind.  Thomasin, for the
sake of appearances, wants to marry him, even though she is now well
aware of his weakness.  Eustacia, who has been passionately attracted
to him for a year, sees him as the only pleasure in her dull life in
a part of the country she hates.  A curious character, Diggory Venn,
hangs around watching developments.  He once proposed to Thomasin and
was turned down, but he still hopes that she may give him another
chance.  Because Thomasin rejected him, he gave up a comfortable life
on a dairy farm and has taken up the trade of reddlemaking.  This
occupation dyes his skin red, making him a social outcast.

As Christmas nears, word comes that Mrs.  Yeobright's son, Clym, is
returning from Paris for a visit.  Eustacia has never met him, but
the tales of his success in the diamond business arouse her interest.
Here may be the heroic figure she's been waiting for all her life.
He becomes a glamorous fantasy for her.  To meet him, she disguises
herself as a boy and performs in a Christmas play at his mother's
house.  They meet and find each other fascinating, although he does
not yet learn her true identity.

Caring only for Thomasin's happiness, Diggory asks Eustacia to give
up her hold on Wildeve.  Since Clym has arrived, she is bored with
Wildeve, so she writes him a rejection letter.  Stunned, he
immediately asks Thomasin once again to marry him.  He gets her
consent moments before Diggory arrives at her door, hoping to propose
to her himself.

Eustacia disguises herself and appears at the wedding.  When she is
asked, as a "stranger," to act as an official witness, she
triumphantly shows her face to Wildeve.  He thought his marriage
would hurt her, despite what she had written to him.  It is, however,
just what she wants to happen--at the moment.

Soon, Clym and Eustacia begin meeting each other on the heath.  The
countryside is coming into flower, and their love begins to blossom.
Worried, Mrs.  Yeobright warns her son against Eustacia as an idle
creature.  Clym is already in love, however, and mother and son
quarrel bitterly.  Eventually, he leaves her house for good, setting
up in a small cottage six miles away.  After a passionate nighttime
encounter, Eustacia and Clym decide to marry immediately.  He plans
to remain in the Egdon area and become a schoolmaster, a decision
that disturbs both Mrs.  Yeobright and Eustacia.  The young woman is
convinced, however, that he will soon change his mind.  She dreams of
nothing more than escape to the excitement of Clym's Parisian life.

On the night of their wedding there is a terrible misunderstanding.
Mrs.  Yeobright hopes to be reconciled with her son by sending a
wedding gift, his share of the inheritance from his father.  An equal
amount of money is due Thomasin.  Christian Cantle, a simple-minded
fellow, is supposed to take both sums to the wedding party.  On the
way, however, he stops by The Quiet Woman where he wins a raffle.
His luck makes him think that fortune is on his side.  Soon after, he
loses all the Yeobrights' money by playing dice with Wildeve.
Diggory immediately appears and wins the money back.  Believing the
whole sum is Thomasin's, he gives it to her without explanation.

Mrs.  Yeobright decides, on the basis of Christian's version of these
events, that Wildeve must still have both Clym and Thomasin's shares
of the money.  She suspects he has given Clym's share to Eustacia.
She asks her daughter-in-law, who angrily decides that Mrs.
Yeobright is implying an improper relationship between Eustacia and
Wildeve.  An argument cuts off all hope of friendship between the two
headstrong women.

Almost immediately, Eustacia and Clym's marriage begins to founder.
He has been studying too hard for his new occupation and develops eye
trouble.  He is reduced to making a living by gathering wood on the
heath, just like one of the country folk.  Eustacia becomes
depressed, realizing that she has made a horrible mistake and may
never escape Egdon.  The conflict with his mother preys upon Clym's
mind.

To cheer herself up, Eustacia goes off alone to a night of dancing in
a nearby village.  There, she and Wildeve meet accidentally and dance
with abandon.  They recall their former passion longingly.  Diggory,
who sees them together, worries that the affair may be starting
again.  When Wildeve begins to walk by the Yeobrights' cottage every
night, Diggory harasses him from the darkness.  Wildeve decides that
it is safer to visit Eustacia by daylight.

On an incredibly hot summer day, Mrs.  Yeobright decides to walk over
to her son's cottage to try to make peace.  Just before she arrives,
Clym comes in from the fields and falls asleep, exhausted.  Wildeve
shows up to see Eustacia.  When Mrs.  Yeobright knocks on the door,
Eustacia flees with Wildeve to the garden, thinking that Clym will
awaken and let his mother in.  In fact, Clym is fast asleep and the
door is never opened.  But Mrs.  Yeobright has seen Eustacia's face
at a window and assumes that Clym and his wife have purposely refused
to let her in.  Fatigued and angered, she starts back homeward.

As Mrs.  Yeobright struggles in the afternoon heat, a little boy,
Johnny Nunsuch, comes upon her; she tells him that she has been
abandoned by her son.  That night, Clym decides to go to his mother
and ask forgiveness.  On the way, he finds her collapsed and
unconscious on the heath.  He carries her to shelter and calls the
villagers for help.  She has been bitten by a snake, but when the
doctor arrives, he says that it is exertion that is the real trouble.
Mrs.  Yeobright dies.  Johnny relates what the woman told him about
her son abandoning her, and Clym decides that he is guilty of his
mother's death.

After weeks of delirium, Clym finally calms down.  Eustacia is
miserable, sure that her role in Mrs.  Yeobright's death will be
discovered, but she says nothing.  By chance, Clym learns from
Diggory that his mother had intended to visit the day she died.  He
asks Johnny for more information and learns that Mrs.  Yeobright had
indeed knocked on the door but was turned away.  He also learns that
Eustacia was in the house with an unidentified man.

Furious, Clym accuses Eustacia of killing his mother.  He wants to
know what happened and the name of the man.  Eustacia refuses to
talk.  After a wild argument, she leaves Clym.  He is distraught but
he cannot forgive her.  Ironically, Thomasin has just had Wildeve's
baby and named her Eustacia Clementine, after her cousin and his
wife.

Back at her grandfather's cottage, Eustacia contemplates suicide.
Charley, the hired boy, who idolizes her, prevents her from doing so.
Soon, Wildeve visits.  He has inherited a large sum of money and can
now travel the world.  He offers to help her, hoping she will become
his mistress and leave Egdon with him.  Eustacia cannot make up her
mind.

Partly under Thomasin's influence, Clym decides to tell Eustacia that
he wants her back.  He writes a letter but waits before sending it.
Meanwhile, Eustacia signals Wildeve that she will leave with him at
midnight.  Clym's letter finally arrives, but it is not delivered to
her, since she has pretended to go to bed.  As a terrible storm
begins to savage the heath, she slips out of the house to meet
Wildeve.  On the way, however, she realizes that escape with him is
no solution.  Losing all hope, she begins to wander away.

Meanwhile, her grandfather has gone searching for her and goes to
alert Clym.  Thomasin is also out in the storm, with her baby, urging
Clym to prevent Wildeve from eloping with Eustacia.  In the raging
storm, Clym does indeed meet up with Wildeve, just as the sound of a
body falling into a pond is heard.  The two men rush over to try to
save Eustacia from a swirling whirlpool.  Diggory comes upon the
struggle at the pond; he dives in and pulls out the unconscious
bodies of Clym and Wildeve.  With help that arrives, he finds
Eustacia, too.  Clym recovers, but the former lovers are dead.  Clym
now thinks himself guilty of the deaths of two women.

A year and a half after the tragedy, Diggory has given up
reddlemaking and become a dairy farmer.  At a Maypole celebration, he
pretends to be in love with an unknown girl who has lost a glove.
When Thomasin discovers that the glove is hers, she realizes that she
now loves Diggory.  They are married, as the villagers celebrate.
Clym, who has renewed his studies, becomes a traveling preacher.  His
message is that we should all love one another.  He is respected for
his ideas and also for the sorrows that he has endured.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: EUSTACIA VYE

Is Eustacia really a superior being, or does she merely think she is?
Are her passions deeper than other people's, or is she simply greedy?
Is she doomed by fate or by her own selfishness?  Few readers have
ever been able to decide for certain.  That is the genius of Hardy's
portrayal.  If you are like most readers, you will find this
beautiful young woman fascinating one moment, exasperating the next.
Even the other characters of the novel find her unpredictable, and
their reactions to her vary widely.  Is she a goddess or a witch?

Hardy skillfully avoids simple answers by showing us many sides of
this complex character.  At times, he seems sympathetic to her
frustrations with her narrow life, yet he does not shrink from
showing her at her worst.  She is capable of deception, and she has a
killing temper.  She can be disloyal, she can wound with a perfectly
aimed insult, and she can exploit other people's good nature.

Why, then, does the reader simply not turn away from her?  Perhaps
because almost everyone can feel pity for her at moments, such as
before her death when she cries out, "How I have tried and tried to
be a splendid woman, and how destiny has been against me!...  I do
not deserve my lot!" If she had been able to live in a great city,
perhaps she would have been splendid.  If she had found a society
that appreciated her rare qualities, rather than fearing or scorning
them as the people of Egdon do, she might have achieved great things.

Hardy's point, of course, is that those possibilities are not
available.  Like all of us, Eustacia must make do with the situation
that faces her:  she must either accept or change her fate.  Her
tragedy is that she refuses to accept it but fails to change it.

Usually, Hardy describes Eustacia in contrasts, to stress the divided
nature of her soul, the conflicts that torture her.  Early in the
novel, he writes, "As far as social ethics were concerned Eustacia
approached the savage state, though in emotion she was all the while
an epicure.  She had advanced to the secret recesses of sensuousness,
yet had hardly crossed the threshold of conventionality." He is
saying that, on the positive side she is a nonconformist, an
independent spirit; but on the negative side, emotion, passion, the
heart's needs have become an obsession with her.  She lives solely
for romance.  "To be loved to madness--such was her great desire."

One side of her nature, however, all too poignantly recognizes that
love itself is evanescent:  she is terrified of time.  Think of her
first appearance in the novel, eagerly searching with her telescope
for Damon.  She is the very picture of a desperate woman searching
for experience.  She carries with her an hourglass, even though, as
Hardy takes pains to point out, she does have a modern watch.  It is
as if she actually wants to see time, her dreaded enemy, as it
dribbles away.  At the moment which should be her most blissful, when
she and Clym decide to marry, she gazes toward the eclipsed moon and
warns, "See how our time is slipping, slipping, slipping!" She
confides to her lover the deep (and perceptive) fear that their love
will not last.

Though she lives by certain illusions, another side of Eustacia is
ruthlessly realistic.  Perhaps her most attractive quality is this
inability to lie to herself about herself.  Basically, she knows her
own faults; she's intelligent, perceptive, and honest.  When she
first meets Clym, she explains to him that she is depressed by life.
It's a simple statement, but it may well sum up all her difficulties.
Life itself is somehow too much for her unusually sensitive and
demanding nature.  Life doesn't give her what she wants.  Life, as
she experiences it, is a prison.

Not surprisingly, readers disagree on many aspects of this puzzling,
ambiguous character.  Her actions can be seen from many different
perspectives.  For example, some say that she sincerely loves Clym;
yet surely she also has a selfish motive in agreeing to marry him:
in her mind, the marriage is associated with an escape to Paris.
Throughout the book, her mixed motives often lead to troubling
actions.

No matter how many times you read this novel, you will probably never
be certain just how you feel about Eustacia Vye.  She is too
contradictory; she is too special and rare.  Hardy himself is most
eloquent when he describes her in symbolic terms, as when he writes
that she and Damon, walking together under the full moon, "appeared
amid the expanse like two pearls on a table of ebony." Equally
doomed, these two passionate beings shine brightly in a dark world
only to be extinguished.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: DAMON WILDEVE

Romantic Wildeve is a striking contrast to Hardy's plain, honest
country folk.  His past is shady.  He has failed at his career as an
engineer, perhaps because of laziness; he seems never to have failed
with women, however.  More than anyone else in the novel, he cares
about money and is usually strangely lucky in getting it.  This man
has never had to work hard for anything.

Thoughtless, handsome, eager for what he cannot have, Damon Wildeve
is not a strong or a likeable character.  He seems to have no friends
and no family connections, although he is sexually irresistible to
many young women.  He seems unusually sophisticated for the wilds of
Egdon--much like Eustacia.  The crucial difference between them is
his overriding weakness.  He does not have her high standards or her
depth of feeling.  In fact, Hardy often shows Wildeve taking rash
steps almost frivolously, like someone gambling with life.  He just
can't take other people's needs too seriously.  He isn't evil, but he
is so self-centered that other people suffer.

What Wildeve wants most is comfort and pleasure, a life of ease.
Even Eustacia, who partly shares these desires, knows that he is
really not very substantial; she's quickly diverted from him when
Clym arrives, and only returns to Wildeve when Clym disappoints her.
When Wildeve dies, he is not mourned long.  His only legacy, a
daughter, is ironically the product of a marriage to Thomasin that he
really wanted to avoid.

Yet perhaps we can feel sorry for Wildeve, caught up in the tragic
web of circumstances, too weak to resist the fate that sweeps him
along.  Is Wildeve a villain--a liar, gambler, and seducer?  Or is he
simply a shallow man who has blundered into a more tumultuous world
than he was meant for?  Consider both possibilities as you read the
novel.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: THOMASIN YEOBRIGHT

Countrified and inexperienced, Thomasin seems to be less complex and
interesting than the other major characters.  So far as we can tell,
she is not as passionate as Eustacia, as intellectually profound as
Clym, as sophisticated as Wildeve, or as intuitively insightful as
Mrs.  Yeobright.  Hardy likens her to a bird, and she often flits
through a scene, scattering good cheer but not pausing to alight.
And yet, it is Thomasin who gets (and perhaps deserves, in Hardy's
view) a happy life, in conventional terms.  As the novel comes to a
close, Thomasin feels fulfilled, as a loving mother and beloved wife.
The more ambitious characters have exposed themselves too openly to
fate; she is content with her lot, rooted to the heath where she has
grown up, comfortable with the simple life of the Egdon area.  She
belongs.  There is no conflict between what she is and where she is.

Perhaps, in that sense, she is the most fortunate character in the
novel.  Unhappiness does come to her, but only when some element
intrudes that rubs against the grain of ordinary Egdon
life--Wildeve's attraction, Eustacia's rivalry, even Clym's return
from Paris.  Although she is drawn to Wildeve, he does not belong on
Egdon Heath, and ultimately she cannot be happy with someone who is
so foreign to (and contemptuous of) the ideas, people, and land that
her life is tied to.  Diggory, on the other hand--who actually lives
on the open heath--is a good match for her.

Uncomplicated as she may be, however, Thomasin is no fool.  She
marries Wildeve with her eyes open; she has a pretty good idea of his
faults.  Without being told or shown, she recognizes when his passion
for Eustacia comes back to life.  Eventually, when she is free, she
comes to appreciate Diggory's deep, slow, and silent commitment to
her.

Perhaps more important than what she sees, however, is what she wants
to see.  For example, when Clym and his mother are not speaking, she
tries to act the role of peacemaker.  When Clym is estranged from
Eustacia, again Thomasin urges reconciliation.  She does not like
conflict.  Perhaps Hardy, who doesn't support traditional Christian
ideas in this novel, nonetheless believes somewhat in the New
Testament idea, "Blessed are the peacemakers." Thomasin is good
because she is concerned for the good of others.  She is in harmony
with her world; she wants to share that harmony.

Alone among the major characters, Thomasin represents the continuity
of human life.  Clym cannot bring himself to marry again, but she
can.  Motherhood is important to her; she won't even let the hired
nurse carry her child.  Why is she finally attracted to Diggory?  He
is a dairy farmer and has been a reddleman--in both cases, working
with the basics of sustaining life.  These two are meant for each
other; for example, on the stormy night when Wildeve and Eustacia
drown, Thomasin lets Diggory carry her child.  She shows no one else
this basic form of trust.

Oddly, Thomasin has little personal history on the page before us--no
parents, no siblings, no close personal friends.  Who is she?  Who or
what has influenced her most?  In some ways, she resembles Mrs.
Yeobright; also, she is clearly affected by Clym's opinions.
Finally, though, it may be best to see her, as Hardy does, as a
birdlike creature who finds Egdon Heath her native habitat.  She
flourishes there.  To understand her, we would have to understand the
mysterious heath itself.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CLYM YEOBRIGHT

Well-meaning, intelligent in certain ways, Clym Yeobright is not
suited to life in the real world of his day.  He dislikes city life
as "effeminate," but when he returns to Egdon, no one understands his
ambition to teach school.  His ideas come from books rather than from
direct experience with people.  Unfortunately, he does not really
know himself, either.  He thinks he is rational and controlled; but
love for Eustacia causes him to act rashly.  He thinks he is morally
right; but this leads him to be cruel to others, whom he believes to
be in the wrong.

Like his cousin Thomasin, Clym loves Egdon Heath, and the people
there love him for his pure nature.  The most important influence in
his life is his home, especially his mother, Mrs.  Yeobright.
Temporarily, he leaves her to marry Eustacia, but in the end, even
after her death, her influence on him remains strong.

Hardy suggests that Clym is too sensitive.  His constant thinking
almost seems to weaken him physically; his studying literally makes
him an invalid for a while.  His high ideas are not very practical.
In day-to-day experiences with other people, he often has little or
no idea what they want, or what they are thinking.  Yet this does not
make him ridiculous.  We have to respect him because he is struggling
to find the truth of life.  Though he is sometimes obtuse, he is
never thoughtless.  Perhaps he lacks the sense of self that is
necessary to survive.  If Wildeve is too selfish, then Clym in
contrast is too unselfish.

In the end, Clym dedicates himself to others, hoping to spread truth
and comfort and to teach all men to love each other.  Ironically, he
himself has failed with his mother and with Eustacia, the two people
he loved most.  He is more successful at loving all mankind than at
being a son or husband.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE:  MRS.  YEOBRIGHT

Clym's mother has definite limitations.  She is snobbish, even though
her own social position would not be very high outside Egdon.  She is
stubborn and likes to get her own way; she interferes, with
disastrous consequences.  On the other hand, her judgments about
people turn out to be remarkably accurate.  Also, her deep love for
Clym and for Thomasin always wins out over her temper, and she is
willing to forgive.  She has a strong sense of fairness; for example,
she does her best to be polite to Wildeve.

Like her son and niece, Mrs.  Yeobright feels at home in Egdon.  Her
life there is simple and unpretentious, in tune with the community.
She is part of an older generation, so perhaps we can forgive her for
trying to manipulate the young people.  What chiefly motivates her is
love for Clym.  She wants him to be successful financially, married
to someone who will be devoted to him.  And yet, without knowing it
consciously, she also probably wants to keep him for herself.

In addition to being a strong central character, Mrs.  Yeobright is
also a kind of symbol.  She is the last representative of her
generation.  Even at Egdon, change is on the way.  For Hardy, she may
well embody both the faults and virtues of a particular time and
place that's rapidly passing away.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: DIGGORY VENN

Strong and silent, Diggory Venn is not what he seems to be.  At
night, he looks like a demon, but he has the morals of an angel.
People think he is low on the social scale, but he can at any time
return to being a successful farmer.  He is also "artful," able to
disguise his true feelings, when he is courting the one love of his
life, Thomasin.

Diggory is, of course, almost too good to be true.  To many readers,
he almost appears to be a supernatural being.  He arrives in the nick
of time, when ever Thomasin seems to be in danger.  He can move
swiftly across the heath at night; he can beat the lucky gambler
Wildeve, even with Wildeve's own dice.  It seems Diggory can almost
read men's minds.  Capable, insightful, loyal, he performs the role
of a guardian angel.

It is easy to see why Hardy originally thought that Diggory should
simply disappear at the end of the novel, instead of settling down
with Thomasin.  Diggory is too fantastic a creation to fit easily
into an ordinary homelife.  However, he says he has entered this
strange life as a reddleman only because Thomasin rejected him; to
marry her, then, he returns to normal society.

Though his actions seem magical, Diggory's heart is totally human.
It is part of his appeal that Diggory steadfastly loves Thomasin.
She is not clever or sophisticated, and she has been foolish.  She is
generous, however, and her heart is in the right place.  Diggory
unlike Clym and Wildeve, falls in love for reasons that may cause
love to last.  He combines Clym's sense of justice with a practical
understanding of how men and women actually live their lives.


THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: SETTING

Huge, forbidding, strange--the wasteland of Egdon Heath is like a
stage set for the action of this novel.  It offers wide spaces for
movement, but it also has hiding-places for intimate scenes.  Its
many different faces reflect or heighten the many different moods of
the story.  One can believe that the Heath has many secrets, and has
witnessed all possible varieties of human experience.  It is a place
of long life and of sudden death, of fertile spring and short, vivid
summer.  No matter what feeling Hardy wants to express at any
particular point, the heath can offer it up.

Something about Egdon Heath depresses the restless, adventure-seeking
characters of the novel, Eustacia and Wildeve.  But it is a
comforting presence to unselfish people like Clym and Thomasin.  As
you read, notice each character's reaction to the heath; it may say
something about his or her inner nature.  The less intellectual
country folk simply take the place for granted, just as they take
their own souls for granted.

Does Egdon Heath represent life?  Time?  The supernatural?  Destiny?
Readers have suggested these and other possibilities.  Perhaps it is
not a symbol for anything, but merely a background, a small universe,
having no meaning, offering no answers.  Part of the mysterious
appeal of this novel is that Hardy makes the heath seem so
significant, but then never specifically explains his purposes.  We
must use our own imaginations to try to understand and feel what the
heath finally means.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: THEMES

1. THE UNHAPPINESS OF ALL HUMAN LIFE

The only sustained happiness in the novel may come at the end, in
Thomasin's and Diggory's marriage, and Hardy had originally planned a
less happy ending even for them.  The lives of the other major
characters all end in tragic death, like Eustacia and Wildeve, or
continue in sadness like Clym.  There are moments of ecstasy, from
time to time, but they pass quickly away.  Hardy's message seems to
be that people cannot expect to experience joy; they are fortunate if
they can at least avoid great pain.

2. THE POWER OF FATE OVER HUMAN INTENT

Often, characters, in the novel try to control the future.  They try
to arrange for their own happiness and for that of others.  Just as
often, fate comes between a character and his or her best-laid plans.
Is Hardy saying that fate is ruled by evil intent?  No.  In this
novel, fate seems simply not to care about human beings.  It
intervenes just as often to thwart well-meaning plans as to upset
wicked ones.  Fate is more powerful than the desires of individuals.

3. A STUDY OF VANISHING RURAL LIFE

Egdon's colorful dialect, seasonal celebrations, superstitious folk
beliefs--these were disappearing even as Hardy wrote the novel.  He
loved his native countryside and tried to re-create both the land and
the people.  But he is a faithful historian, and so he shows the bad
with the good.  He is not blind to the faults of uneducated,
unsophisticated country folk, he knows they can be cruelly
prejudiced, as well as loyal.  They can be foolishly ignorant, as
well as dependable.  Like Clym, though, Hardy clearly prefers life in
the country to life in the cities.  In spite of his realistic
portrayals, a nostalgia colors the rustic scenes, for Hardy is sorry
to see the changes that progress will bring to the villages of his
youth.

4. THE GREATNESS OF UNKNOWN PEOPLE

Hardy's main characters are not much in the eyes of the world:  an
innkeeper, a curate's daughter, a self-taught traveling preacher, a
dissatisfied young girl.  He believes, however, that obscure people
have lives just as important and troubling as the lives of famous
people; that's why he brings in references to classical and
historical figures, to add a heroic dimension to the lives of these
ordinary people.  They feel as deeply as great heroes do; their
mistakes are as tragic; their deaths are no less (and no more)
significant.  Writers in other periods had written about great kings
or mythical heroes.  Hardy wanted to portray the intensity of life
among ordinary people.

5. PASSION

For Hardy, romantic passion can be dangerous.  Another kind of
passion, uncontrolled anger, can also have unfortunate consequences.
The only feelings which can be trusted are moderate, like Thomasin's
kindness and desire for people to be at peace with each other.
Relationships between people are best not when they are violent and
sudden, but when they have a long history and have endured much, like
the love between Diggory and Thomasin.  Love at first sight, as
Eustacia and Clym find out, is likely to be a mistake.  Hot-tempered
reactions are generally a mistake, as well.  Hardy understands that
passion is fundamental to human nature--and he portrays passion so
well that we cannot help but respond to it in characters like
Eustacia.  But he stresses that we must try to act in the light of
reason.  We may fail--as Clym does--but we must try.  Moderation is
the goal.

6. A PORTRAIT OF CLYM

Well meaning if sometimes mistaken, Clym is Hardy's central
character, the returning native of the novel's title.  He does not
find happiness, but he does find a kind of wisdom through his
suffering.  In the beginning, he is stubborn and proud.  When he
discovers that he can cause tragedy for others, he learns humility.
Hardy wants the reader to learn what Clym learns.  We cannot always
get what we want in life, but neither can anyone else.  Human beings
should love one another and try not to cause each other pain.

7. THE UNCHANGING NATURE OF HUMAN EXISTENCE

Often, Hardy pulls back from his story to talk about the past.  He
refers frequently to famous characters in classical myths, the Bible,
or history, perhaps to show that people in all civilizations have had
much the same problems and have probably had the same questions about
existence.  Ancient peoples have been forgotten, and so will we.
Egdon Heath is a symbol of this timelessness; throughout its seasons
and cycles, it remains essentially the same.  There are storms, and
there are bright summer days, but the true nature of the heath never
really alters.  Human life, too, has its storms and bright days, but
its essential nature never changes, either.

8. THE ROLE OF NATURE

For Hardy, nature could have many moods.  He uses natural
descriptions in several ways:  to reflect a character's inner
emotions, to symbolize the conflicts of human life, to show the
comparative insignificance of human beings.  Sometimes nature seems
to help mankind; sometimes nature seems to turn against us.  It is as
mysterious as fate.  In this novel, Hardy investigates these and
other aspects of nature; but he also takes obvious delight in
describing various kinds of natural beauty for their own sake.
Anyone with unusual skill likes to exercise that skill, and Hardy
enjoys writing his famous descriptions:  the romantic loveliness and
excitement of the heath by moonlight, the burning heat of the
afternoon Mrs.  Yeobright dies, or the terror of the storm the night
of Eustacia's death.  Some characters, like Thomasin, are in harmony
with this beauty; others, like Eustacia, struggle against it.  By
making it a powerful presence in this novel, Hardy shows us that
nature is a force to be reckoned with.

9. THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Is chance the same thing as fate?  Different readers disagree on this
question.  Perhaps it is cruel, deliberate fate that Eustacia, for
instance, has been set down to live on the heath she loathes.  It may
be mere capricious chance, however, that Mrs.  Yeobright decides to
visit on the very afternoon that Wildeve also decides to come to
Eustacia's cottage.  In other words, fate seems to rule events
according to some vast pattern which is beyond human control.  Chance
seems to intervene in smaller, random ways, when human beings are
trying to act on their own.  Many readers, however, feel that chance
and fate are the same thing in this novel.  Things "just happen,"
without rhyme or reason, and that in itself is the pattern of the
universe.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: STYLE

This novel, written early in his long career, shows Hardy trying out
different writing styles.  He is always ambitious, but he is not
always successful.  Occasionally, his poetic descriptions are
pretentious and long winded; they become top heavy.  In other
passages, he tries to record the earthy folk dialect of the Egdon
area, and sometimes his attempts to be accurate can become awkward;
the dialect gets in the way.

But the achievements of his style far outweigh the few failures.  His
best descriptions are not simple pictures; they're dramas of life.
His most believable conversations have the force, the contradiction,
the illogic of actual conversations.  He has also created a
successful voice in which he can speak directly to the reader.
Sometimes it sounds a little formal, but generally it is a useful way
to guide us along, as he moves easily from discussions of philosophy,
for example, to a portrayal of a simple country scene.

Does Hardy's writing move slowly?  Perhaps it does, for us today,
conditioned as we are by thirty-second television commercials and
three-minute pop songs.  In Hardy's own day, however, readers
expected to spend long hours every evening in reading a novel, taking
plenty of time to think about what was happening.  When a novel was
published serially, in a magazine, as Hardy's novels first appeared,
the experience of reading a novel might go on for months.  The pace
of Hardy's long, complex sentences is a reflection of the pace of the
times.

You can look one by one at the elements of Hardy's prose--the use of
dialect vocabulary, the vigorous verbs, the careful explanations--and
still not find the secret of his best work.  Many readers will recall
a favorite scene as brilliantly written.  But when they return to the
book, the actual words used may not live up to the impression they
made.  Hardy's gift is to summon up powerful images that take on a
life of their own, quite beyond style.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: POINT OF VIEW

Hardy frequently interrupts his story to tell us what it means--but
does he really tell us?  One can not always be certain that this
author is explaining himself fully, even when he seems to be doing
so.  It's not that he attempts to deceive the reader; rather, he
wants to make it clear that life is unclear.  He wants to emphasize
the mystery of existence.  He doesn't believe that life offers
simple, clear-cut answers, nor does he imagine that human beings, or
his characters, can be judged as either completely good or completely
bad.

His point of view, then, could rightly be called "ambiguous." He may
directly criticize Wildeve in one passage, for example, but then his
narrative suggests that Wildeve is not responsible for everything
that happens to him and Eustacia.  He may number all of Eustacia's
worst faults, but somehow most readers still feel that Hardy is, like
Clym, fascinated with her.

He shows that life is filled with disasters and tragedies, but he
says that new life will continually spring up to replace the old.

Although Hardy frequently shows a sense of humor, many readers have
felt that he puts too much emphasis on the unhappy aspects of life.
He would argue against that charge, saying that he simply reported
life as it is, and the true report just happens to be filled with
unhappiness.  Is that the thinking of an objective observer, or a
pessimist?  As you read this novel, form your own opinion of where
Hardy really stands.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: FORM AND STRUCTURE

The Return of the Native looks at first like a typical
nineteenth-century novel:  long, with several plots, and set in a
wide landscape.  But this tale is really very compact.  The major
action takes place in a year's time.  All of the characters live in
the Egdon area, and the outside world does not intrude (we do not
hear, for example, about the national problems of England).

All of the major characters are bound together in a dense knot of
relationships.  The structure of this book is concentrated, to
reflect the tight organization of the action.  Book First, the
longest book, sets the stage and introduces the characters.  Book
Second brings Clym and Eustacia together and sees the marriage of
Thomasin and Wildeve.  Book Third shows the split between Clym and
his mother and his marriage to Eustacia.  Book Fourth tells of the
terrible accidents that lead to Mrs.  Yeobright's death.  Book Fifth
sees Clym and Eustacia separate, bringing about the tragic deaths
that end the main action.  Book Sixth, a kind of epilogue, shows the
marriage of Thomasin and Diggory.

The action is organized around seasonal celebrations, beginning and
ending with the autumn bonfires, as if to emphasize the dramatic
changes that can take place in such short periods of time.  The story
is told in straight chronological order, without the use of
flashbacks or other devices.  (This may underscore the story's sense
of the straightforward, irresistible movement of time itself.)
Regularly, our concentration upon the major characters is broken by
the appearance of the country folk, as if for comic relief, to stress
the need for the reader to step back and consider the meaning of the
tale.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: THE STORY

As you read this novel, notice Hardy's book and chapter headings.
Like many novelists of his time, he used these titles to give
insights into his story.  He divided the tale into six "books,"
almost like acts in a play.  (The last, as we shall see later, was
added because readers did not want a completely unhappy ending.)

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: BOOK ONE: THE THREE WOMEN

Hardy's women are almost always more interesting and believable than
his male characters.  This first book introduces us to three of the
most famous:  the mysterious and beautiful Eustacia Vye, the naive
but strong-willed Thomasin Yeobright, and Mrs.  Yeobright, Thomasin's
seemingly arrogant and snobbish aunt.  Each will come into conflict
with the other two, because each is determined to have her own way.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 1

A FACE ON WHICH TIME MAKES BUT LITTLE IMPRESSION

This brief chapter is a brooding description of Egdon Heath, setting
the scene for the tragic events to come.  Readers rarely agree on the
exact meaning of this first chapter, but don't be concerned.  The
vagueness is purposeful.  You will see that, as the heath appears
again and again throughout the novel, you will remember this first
chapter and your understanding will grow and change.

In a passage that suggests a lot about his personal point of view,
Hardy says that the heath is very much like human beings--"neither
ghastly, hateful, nor ugly...  but, like man, slighted and enduring."
Is this a depressing view of mankind?  Many people think so.  Others,
though, believe that calling mankind "slighted and enduring" places
the emphasis on human bravery, on the determination to survive.

The chapter ends with Hardy's stress upon the heath's "ancient
permanence." Other things have changed over the centuries; it has
not.  It represents something eternal.  Time?  Nature?  Fate?  Hardy
doesn't say.  Like a movie director, he moves his lens toward the
white highway glowing on the heath at dusk, preparing us for the next
chapter.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 2

HUMANITY APPEARS UPON THE SCENE, HAND IN HAND WITH TROUBLE

The action starts in mystery.  Here, far from the sea, an old man in
a naval uniform trudges along.  He meets a man entirely covered in
red, driving a cart.

NOTE:  REDDLEMEN Reddlemen went from farm to farm putting identifying
red dyemarks on sheep.  The red dye usually coated the reddleman's
clothes and skin, so children feared the strange-looking, solitary
figures.  This one, Hardy notes, seems too "promising" for such a
life.  Another mystery.

Inside the cart, a woman moans.  We learn little about these people;
for a few pages, Hardy will leave us hanging, almost as if to slow us
down to the leisurely pace of life in these Egdon valleys.

In the growing dark, the cart-man sees a form standing on the most
prominent rise in the area, a "barrow" or hill.  Then, in a flash,
the unexplained figure takes flight.  All we learn is that it's a
woman and that she apparently runs away because a band of people is
gathering at the barrow.

Why does she flee?  Who is she?  What are these people about to do,
in the dark of night on a lonely hill?  Hardy will begin to give some
of these answers in the next few chapters.  For now, notice how he is
determined to make us think for ourselves, to notice every clue,
every hint, every contradiction.  By stimulating us to ask questions
about the little things, he also gets us in the habit of asking
larger questions, those questions about man's fate that probably
don't have simple or concrete answers.

NOTE:  HARDY'S VIEW OF THE INDIVIDUAL This chapter indicates how
Hardy feels about the human spirit.  Our imagination, he says,
ignores the group that is arriving and clings instead "to that
vanished, solitary figure." In other words, it is the independent
person, the one who does not become just another member of
conventional society, who is most interesting to us.  With that in
mind, as you read the novel, ask yourself which characters are the
most interesting to you personally--those who fit happily into the
unchanging life of Egdon, or those who want something different?

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 3

THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY

As the chapter title indicates, we are now going to see a typical
scene of rural life in the Egdon area early in the nineteenth
century.

NOTE:  HARDY'S RUSTIC SCENES Hardy was scarcely born before these
customs were dying out, but he had heard about them from older
people.  Clearly, he delights in recreating them.  In fact, all of
his scenes with country folk are funny, lively and natural.  It may
take a few pages for the Egdon dialect to become completely clear to
you, but you will pick it up gradually, just as you would the special
slang of a new school or city you move to.

Before anyone speaks, we see them building a giant bonfire.  Other
fires are also being lit across the low flat landscape.  British
readers would know that this is the custom of a particular holiday,
November 5, or Guy Fawkes Day, commemorating a plot to blow up
Parliament in the early seventeenth century.

NOTE:  THE BONFIRE The bonfire, like the heath itself, is a symbol of
continuity.  Springing out of an ancient pagan ritual, it is also a
symbol, says Hardy, of "man's rebelliousness" against the coming of
winter, almost a defiance of Nature.

As the country folk begin to talk and joke, we meet several colorful
characters:  Grandfer Cantle, an old man who wants only to sing and
dance; his son, Christian, who is morbidly fearful and superstitious;
Humphrey and Fairway, who are the salt of the earth, honest and
unassuming; Olly Dowden, a decent, contented woman.  These characters
act like the chorus in classical Greek drama; they describe and
comment upon the actions of their social superiors.  Hardy is also
using this bantering, gossipy scene for "exposition," a literary term
for giving the background of the story.  We learn about a young
couple, Thomasin Yeobright and Damon Wildeve, who have just been
married.  We learn that the bride's aunt, Mrs.  Yeobright, had
opposed the marriage.

We learn that some folk are disturbed that the pair went to another
village to marry and that they haven't been seen since.  We also hear
that soon Mrs.  Yeobright's son Clym, clever and remembered with real
affection, will be coming home for a visit.  He is the "Native" of
the novel's title.

Now that Hardy has laid down the events with which the plot begins,
he skillfully brings other major characters briefly "on stage," to
introduce us to them.  As the bonfire dies down, our attention is
drawn to a single bonfire blazing beside the cottage where Captain
Vye lives with his granddaughter Eustacia.  The villagers' dance is
interrupted by the startling appearance of the reddleman.  He asks
directions to Mrs.  Yeobright's house and leaves, but then the
formidable figure of Mrs.  Yeobright herself arrives, to ask gentle
Olly to accompany her to The Quiet Woman inn where her newly married
niece should be waiting by now.

Before going on to the next chapter, consider how much information
has been packed into this one.  We've met many characters and heard
many tales, but we have also learned something about local feelings
(such as the generally lackadaisical attitude toward regular
church--going and the wry assumptions about married life).  Some more
mysteries have been raised (for example, why does the marriage take
place elsewhere?).  Other mysteries seem to have been solved, for now
we know something about Eustacia, the solitary figure on the barrow,
and Captain Vye, the old man on the road in Chapter 2.  It's amazing
that Hardy has achieved so much exposition in a scene of realistic
merrymaking.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 4

THE HALT ON THE TURNPIKE ROAD

Mrs.  Yeobright explains to Olly that she finally agreed to
Thomasin's marriage because she decided that her niece should "marry
where she wished." In reply to that, Olly, just before taking a
separate path, comments that "her [Thomasin's] feelings got the
better of her."

NOTE:  HARDY'S DISTRUST OF FEELINGS This seemingly casual remark is
very important in Hardy's world.  Should feelings be followed?
Remember, divorce was inconceivable in this place and time.  Should a
lifetime decision be made solely upon the basis of one's personal
desires?  As you read, try to figure out Hardy's answer to this
question.

At this point, there occurs one of those coincidences which disturb
some readers of Hardy's novels.  (We will see many more of them;
consider whether this novelist thinks that human affairs really are
determined by pure chance.) Just outside the inn, Mrs.  Yeobright
runs into the reddleman, who is identified as Diggory Venn.  It turns
out that Thomasin is the woman asleep in his cart.  Now we have met
the third of the important "three women." Thomasin's naturally
hopeful face is marred by "a film of anxiety and grief." While
Diggory is within earshot, Mrs.  Yeobright seems calm, if concerned
about this peculiar event.  When he's gone, however, her sharp
question--"Now, Thomasin, what's the meaning of this disgraceful
performance?"--reveals just how upset she is.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 5

PERPLEXITY AMONG HONEST PEOPLE

Perplexity means "bewilderment." Honest people are often bewildered
because they cannot imagine the motives of devious, tricky people.
In this chapter we'll see both honest and devious behavior.

What has happened during Thomasin's wedding day?  Even Thomasin
cannot be sure.  The parson said there was "some trifling
irregularity" in the marriage license, and Thomasin panicked and ran
away with Venn, who just happened to be near the church.  Did she
subconsciously not want the marriage to take place?  Did she suspect
that Wildeve really didn't want to marry her?  We're left to guess.
But unlike us, Mrs.  Yeobright can ask questions directly, and
characteristically she decides to have it out with Wildeve at once.

Now we meet Wildeve, who is unforgettably described as "one in whom
no man would have seen anything to admire, and in whom no woman would
have seen anything to dislike." That says it all.  Do you need to
know his color of eyes, the shape of his head, the color of his hair
after that wonderful description?  Everybody has known at least one
Wildeve.

The scene that follows between Thomasin and Wildeve is strained.  The
guiltless Thomasin apologizes again and again; the obviously
self-centered Wildeve complains that his "sensitiveness" has been
hurt by the day's debacle.  Nonetheless, he promises to make the
marriage good, "carelessly" giving her his hand.

NOTE:  THOMASIN'S REPUTATION Why doesn't Thomasin walk out right
then?  Remember, she went off alone with Wildeve, supposedly to get
married.  At this point, her reputation is in grave danger.  Social
rules have changed since then, and we may find it difficult to
understand her moral predicament precisely.  But we still have some
social rules we believe in today.  Thomasin is like the people we
know who will not, or cannot, break those rules and feel decent.

Suddenly, a grotesque thing happens.  It might be comic, if it
weren't so embarrassing:  the townsfolk come, with all good
intentions, to serenade the newlyweds.  To save his reputation,
Wildeve pretends the wedding went off smoothly.  To Thomasin, he
mutters, "we must marry after this"--hardly the reaction of a man
head over heels in love.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 6

THE FIGURE AGAINST THE SKY

Hardy shifts his scene to give us a closer look at the figure who
reappears at the top of the barrow.  He emphasizes her
mysteriousness, her concentration, her complete absence of fear in
this wild and lonely place.  The wind blowing through the dead
heath-bells and the woman's deep sigh are linked as symbols of lost
happiness.  She looks through a telescope at Wildeve's window far
below.  Then, ignoring her watch, she looks to see that the sands of
an hourglass she carries have run out.  This is another haunting
symbol of loss, of things coming to an end.

She heads home, dazed and seemingly distressed.  A weary small boy
tending the bonfire beside her house calls her by name--Eustacia.  We
finally hear her speak, after this long build-up, and what we hear is
tension, determination, selfishness, guile.  Although both her
grandfather and the boy Johnny want Eustacia to put out her bonfire,
she imperiously insists on keeping it burning--and she gets her way.
Why does it matter so much to her?  Soon we learn that the fire is
meant to attract Wildeve.  Eustacia warns Johnny to call her if he
hears a frog jump into a pond nearby.  When he does hear such a
sound, Eustacia excitedly packs him off home, for the hopfrog is
really a stone falling into the water, Wildeve's signal to Eustacia.
To her "triumphant pleasure," he emerges out of the dark night.

The drama of their confrontation is skillfully muted.  Each of these
extremely passionate characters tries to suppress his or her emotion.
Slowly, we learn the truth about their shared past.  Damon had tired
of her, we learn, and had ended their affair.  But now Eustacia
believes that Wildeve has broken off his wedding with Thomasin
because he still loves her, Eustacia.  When pressed, he agrees.

Is Wildeve lying?  Can he change his mind so quickly?  Does Eustacia
have a dangerous power over him?  The answer is complex.  Hardy is
showing us characters who let their impulses carry them away.  Each
of them is uneasy.  Eustacia knows her former lover is untrustworthy;
he knows her moods and pays no attention when she rages at him.

This uncomfortable scene ends with each holding back from the other,
pretending to be less emotionally involved than the other.  There is
hostility, not flirtation, in their teasing.  Wildeve slinks back
into the night.  The pleasure Eustacia felt when she first saw him
has soured.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 7

QUEEN OF NIGHT

Many critics, frankly, have found this short chapter to be an
embarrassment.  It has no purpose but to describe Eustacia in terms
that are extravagant and pretentious.  If you're interested in how a
writer develops, this chapter is a good example, at least of Hardy's
case.  The first part of the book has many passages of strained
"purple" prose like this.  As he wrote this novel, however, Hardy
learned more of his craft, and his writing grows simpler and more
effective.

The chapter does help us understand Hardy's intentions in creating
Eustacia.  She is a pagan, a creature of the night, a kind of goddess
in human form.  Unfortunately, she is a goddess rudely brought to
earth--to Egdon, so different from her nature.

Eustacia has romance in her veins and in her upbringing.  We learn
that she is the orphan of an English mother (Vye's daughter) and a
Greek musician.  Their deaths forced her to leave the seaside resort,
Budmouth, to live with Vye in Egdon.  The heath bores her, and she
imagines her earlier life, by contrast, as nothing but sunshine and
gaiety.

We also learn that Eustacia is in love with love.  This is a common
human feeling, of course, but Eustacia takes it to extremes.  She
blames her own reckless, unconventional spirit on the fact that she's
been disappointed by a cruel destiny.  She realizes, in a moment of
self-honesty, that she has fastened upon Wildeve simply for lack of
anyone better.

So far, Eustacia doesn't seem to be a very appealing human being.
Yet Hardy says that she is "not altogether unlovable" at times.  Many
readers agree.  Why do you sympathize with this self-centered,
reckless young woman (if you do)?  What makes her interesting (if you
think she is)?  As you read on, try to decide what elements of her
character really define her.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 8

THOSE WHO ARE FOUND WHERE THERE IS SAID TO BE NOBODY

Remember that the action is still taking place at night.  As readers,
we are still "in the dark" about certain things.  So, too, are the
characters of the story.  Hardy may well be implying that people are
always in darkness about the real truths of their lives.

In any event, poor Johnny now finds himself in a dark and difficult
position.  Walking home, he notices a peculiar light and puzzling
sounds rising from a pit.  He turns back to the Vyes' house, but sees
Eustacia and Wildeve having their tryst, so he returns to the pit,
where he discovers Diggory Venn, a terrifying image with his white
eyes and teeth gleaming in his reddened face.  Diggory discovers
Johnny, who says enough for Venn to guess the truth about Eustacia's
bonfire meeting with Wildeve.

The reddleman's thoughts are not explicitly revealed, but we can
guess that he means to keep an eye on this secret relationship.  Is
he acting out of selfish motives, or does he just want to make sure
that Thomasin is not hurt any further?  Perhaps Hardy himself wasn't
sure, at least at this point.

We can be sure of one thing, though.  Chance, once again, has played
a critical role.  Johnny accidentally overhead the conversation.
Diggory accidentally heard the story from the boy.

NOTE:  VENN AS OBSERVER It is often the outsider, the social outcast,
who is able to understand more than other people.  The reddleman is
an observer, not a major actor; and as he watches the other
characters' actions, he alone seems to foresee how they may be
ruining their lives.  In the eyes of the superstitious, he seems to
be a devil, the embodiment of evil.  But appearances, in Hardy's
world, are deceiving.  To the reader, Diggory Venn is more likely to
become a symbol of good.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 9

LOVE LEADS A SHREWD MAN INTO STRATEGY

Hardy begins this chapter with a break in the action, perhaps to let
the events and revelations of the preceding pages sink in on the
reader.  This break is not just an intermission, however.  The
novelist explains more about reddlemen, which brings us to Venn, back
at his van in the pit, who does not fit the pattern.  We watch him
read an old letter--Thomasin's polite refusal of his proposal of
marriage.  Her reasons were that she liked but did not love him, and
that her aunt had higher ambitions for her.  Remember that Mrs.
Yeobright also opposed Wildeve's proposal.  How different would
things be if Thomasin allowed herself to act on her own best
impulses?  Remember that she is young, unsophisticated, and basically
well intentioned.  As we read further, circumstances will be bringing
her to greater maturity.

Meanwhile, we learn that Diggory became a reddleman, giving up his
dairy farm, because of Thomasin's rejection.  But he is still
determined to help her to be happy.  With that aim in mind, he
becomes something of a spy, waiting every night to catch Eustacia and
Wildeve meeting again.

After a week, they do.  Diggory hides himself to overhear their
disturbing discussion.  Wildeve, to Eustacia's outrage, is asking her
whether or not he should go ahead and marry Thomasin--not out of love
but to save the girl from disgrace.  Eustacia advises him not to
marry Thomasin simply out of a sense of justice, but she now realizes
that Wildeve did not call off the marriage for love of her.  As he
admits, it was only chance that the marriage license was incorrect.

In this scene, Wildeve is shown at his worst:  self-centered, weak,
moody.  He has the gall to tell Eustacia that "there are two flowers
where I thought there was only one"--Eustacia and Thomasin.  Perhaps
other women will love him as well, he muses.  As for love, he admits
that his feelings are inconstant.  Eustacia, stretched on the rack by
this indifference, shows remarkable self-control.

NOTE:  EUSTACIA'S AND WILDEVE'S LOVE Hardy never shows us these
lovers when their love is in full summer bloom.  We see the
wreckage--bitterness, misunderstanding, petty cruelty.  Perhaps the
love they shared cannot really be put down on the page; perhaps Hardy
purposely leaves room for each of us to imagine his or her own rare,
blinding, whirlwind love.  Or perhaps Hardy is simply more interested
in investigating and dissecting a failed relationship.  You may want
to consider this possibility as you read about other relationships
later in the novel.

We now see two people who are tortured by inability to live
without--or with--each other.  Each of the lovers wavers between love
and distaste for the other.  When one goes too far, the other
retreats.  They do agree that they hate the heath, however.
Suddenly, Wildeve suggests that they run off to America together; he
has relatives in Wisconsin.  Eustacia turns the idea aside, for the
moment.  They move out of Diggory's hearing, almost seeming to sink
into the heath, as if it has them in its power.  Diggory, concerned
for Thomasin's welfare, decides he will have it out with Eustacia.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 10

A DESPERATE ATTEMPT AT PERSUASION

At last, we see daylight in Egdon.  Diggory waits patiently by
Eustacia's cottage until curiosity brings her outside.  As they walk,
he tries a simple ruse.  Pretending that an unknown "other woman" has
a hold over Wildeve, he asks Eustacia to use her charms to persuade
the man to marry Thomasin honorably.  Eustacia laughs off the
suggestion.

Next Venn tries flattery; he says that Eustacia's beauty will
influence woman-loving Wildeve to do the proper thing.  When she
reacts with the blatant lie that she never sees Wildeve, Diggory
blurts out that he overheard their rendezvous the night before.

Now that the cards are on the table, Eustacia and the reddleman speak
frankly.  She refuses to yield to Thomasin; she blames her boredom
here on Egdon heath for making her ever fall in love with Wildeve.
Diggory, proposes a solution; he knows of a wealthy widow in
Eustacia's treasured town of Budmouth.  Eustacia could live with this
woman, as her companion thereby escaping the heath and meeting more
suitable men.  Eustacia rejects the notion, refuses to help Thomasin,
and dismisses Venn with insults.

Eustacia looks off toward Wildeve's inn, shining attractively in the
sunlight.  She is hooked again, because the competition from Thomasin
has turned a "hobby" into a flood of desire.

And what about society's disapproval?  Hardy notes that this young
woman is too isolated to care about public opinion.  This chapter is
the second time someone has suggested a plan of escape from the heath
she despises, but Eustacia refuses this offer, just as she passed
over Wildeve's idea of eloping to Wisconsin.

NOTE:  EUSTACIA'S INABILITY TO ESCAPE Perhaps Hardy believes that
even independent people are unable to take action to change their
fate.  The heath has some power over Eustacia, that neither she nor
the reader can fully understand.  Maybe its mystery draws her.  Maybe
she realizes that these chances of "escape" will only create new
prisons for her.  Or maybe Eustacia isn't as independent as she
thinks she is; Hardy's characters, like people in real life, don't
always see themselves clearly.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 11

THE DISHONESTY OF AN HONEST WOMAN

By the kind of accident familiar to us by now, Diggory bumps into
Mrs.  Yeobright just as she heads toward The Quiet Woman, hoping to
convince Wildeve to go through with the aborted marriage.
Ironically, the reddleman gives her just the weapon she needs.  He
confesses his love for Thomasin and argues that marriage to him would
solve the situation.  Mrs.  Yeobright argues that Thomasin must be
married to Wildeve to avoid scandal.  But when she meets with
Wildeve, she announces that Thomasin has an anonymous other suitor,
and that Wildeve should either marry Thomasin immediately or give her
up.  Typically, indecisive Wildeve says he must take a day or two to
decide.

NOTE:  ON WILDEVE Consider this man for a moment.  He is not actively
evil or openly vicious.  Yet all three of these strong women have
humbled themselves before him.  He rarely seems to be purposely
cruel, but his weakness and self-centeredness often have cruel
effects upon women.  His sensuality makes him dangerous.  Perhaps
Hardy is saying that it is well to distrust the objects of passion,
just as one should be wary of passion itself.

Mrs.  Yeobright's ultimatum motivates Wildeve to make a nighttime
visit to Eustacia.  He impetuously repeats the offer to take her to
America, but he lets the cat out of the bag, telling Eustacia that
Thomasin has another offer.  Instantly, Eustacia's attitude changes:
the man who was so desirable is less so when her rival may no longer
want him.  Wildeve realizes what she is thinking, perhaps because
this is the way his mind works as well.  In any case, Eustacia
becomes oddly lifeless.  Almost bargaining now, Wildeve offers her a
week to decide.  Coldly, the lovers part.  Eustacia, who always tries
to face her feelings with honesty, is ashamed to find her passion
waning because there is no competition.  But she sees that the affair
is dying; she is coming to her senses at last.

Unexpectedly, the chapter (and Book First) ends with a new twist in
the action which arouses our curiosity about the book to follow.
While drinking and gossiping down at The Quiet Woman, Captain Vye has
heard that Mrs.  Yeobright's son, Clym, is coming home the following
week for Christmas.  He tells Eustacia this news, explaining that the
young man has been living "in that rookery of pomp and vanity,
Paris..."

Hardy does not describe Eustacia's reaction, but every reader knows,
from this wonderfully pregnant closing line, that her heart must have
leapt into her mouth.  If little Budmouth seems magical to Eustacia,
how must the world-famed City of Light appear?  We know her love for
Wildeve is almost dead.  She has said she only loved him because no
better man was to be found in the area.  Now, there appears on the
horizon a tantalizing alternative.  Skillfully, by saying no more,
Hardy has raised our hopes, too.  Perhaps Clym will be the answer to
Eustacia's loneliness.

We're not likely to be too optimistic, though, after this chapter,
for we have seen two fairly pessimistic Hardy themes.  First, we saw
that people's actions don't always have the consequences they intend.
Diggory's offer of marriage, if anything, helped to throw Wildeve and
Thomasin together.  Mrs.  Yeobright's threats had the unexpected
effect of driving Wildeve swiftly back to Eustacia.  Second, we've
seen that people often desire something primarily because they can't
have it.  Often, when we get what we want, it is no longer desirable.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: BOOK TWO: THE ARRIVAL

The first book has been the longest, perhaps necessarily so in order
to set the background for the central action of the novel.  In this
book, we will meet the last of the major characters, Clym Yeobright.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 1

TIDINGS OF THE COMER

Drawing out our anticipation, Hardy does not introduce Clym right
away.  Instead, we see the humble furze-gatherers of the heath at
work stacking up the furze, or sticks of wood, for Captain Vye.
(Such men are socially beneath Eustacia--a point which will be
important later on.)

Now, Hardy lets Eustacia idly overhear these men gossip about young
Yeobright--his success in the diamond business, his good looks, his
advanced ideas and education.  Innocently, the furze-gatherers leap
to the notion that Eustacia, who also reads a great deal, would be a
good match for Clym.  We also learn that the story of Thomasin's
postponed marriage is now common knowledge around Egdon.  She is in
seclusion, and there is talk that she has decided to have nothing
more to do with Wildeve.

As Hardy notes, this idle chatter has occupied only a few minutes.
To the transfixed Eustacia, however, it has been enough to re-animate
her world.  She is dazed by the possibilities.  A young, clever,
successful man who might take her to fabled Paris?  A man whom the
country folk already see as similar to her?  This must be fate.  Not
surprisingly, the chapter ends with her taking a walk to Blooms-End,
the Yeobright family cottage.

She doesn't expect to see Clym himself, but, already dangerously
fascinated, she at least wants to see the house where he was born.
Her romantic imagination is working at full strength again.  The
headstrong 19-year-old who once swore passionately that she would
never give up Wildeve is now concentrating all her thoughts on a man
she has never even met.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 2

THE PEOPLE AT BLOOMS-END MAKE READY

The return of the native Clym is a major event in sleepy Egdon.
Thomasin and Mrs.  Yeobright discuss Clym as they meticulously select
from storage the apples he likes best.  Apparently, Mrs.  Yeobright
once hoped Thomasin and Clym would marry, we learn.  Then, when no
one is around to stare (remember Thomasin is still in shamed
seclusion), they venture out on the heath to pick holly berries for
the homecoming and Christmas celebrations.

As they work, their conversation takes many frustrating dead-ends.
Mrs.  Yeobright suspects that her niece no longer loves Wildeve, but
Thomasin decides not to answer any questions about the matter.  Mrs.
Yeobright has decided not to reveal that Diggory has proposed again,
although she does drop a hint.  Thomasin decides that her cousin Clym
should not be told anything about the wretched affair until she is
safely married.

Don't you want to jump into the scene and interfere?  We sense that
these decisions are mistaken.  Perhaps Thomasin, if she knew of the
proposal, would consider marrying the kindly, selfless Venn rather
than egocentric Wildeve, after what she's been through.  Perhaps
Clym, who is so clever, would help her figure out whether or not to
marry Wildeve.  There is nothing we can do, of course.  We must watch
helplessly as people make mistakes that will haunt them for years, if
not forever.

Appropriately, the sun is setting as Thomasin and her aunt walk out
to meet Clym on the road.  Once again, important events will take
place during the dark of night.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 3

HOW A LITTLE SOUND PRODUCED A GREAT DREAM

By another coincidence, in the darkness, Eustacia encounters Clym and
his two relatives.  They apparently don't recognize her, but Clym
genially says, "Good night!" It is, as the chapter title indicates,
truly a "little sound," but to Eustacia, "no event could have been
more exciting." There is one slightly unsettling note--she overhears
Clym, the sophisticate, praising the beauties of Egdon.  The remark
is an important clue to her fate, but she is too excited to pay
attention to it now.  At home, Eustacia asks her grandfather why they
haven't been on good terms with the Yeobrights.  He recalls that he
offended Mrs.  Yeobright once; more importantly, he tells Eustacia
that the Yeobrights' mode of living is "countrified." This is the
second indication that Clym is not what Eustacia imagines him to be.
But she pays no attention; she still cherishes her illusions.

NOTE:  EUSTACIA'S DREAM That night Eustacia dreams of dancing with a
man whose face is masked by a helmet.  The heath appears behind them,
and they dive into one of its pools, coming out beneath in a hollow
lit with rainbows.  She wakes up with alarm when the man shatters to
pieces, never having revealed his face.  She believes the figure was
Yeobright, of course.  But remember this dream; as you will see at
the end of the fifth book, another more frightening interpretation is
possible.

Hardy describes Eustacia's emotional state as in a precarious stage,
halfway between indifference and love.  She begins taking walks two
or three times a day, her eyes peeled for a glimpse of Yeobright, but
after five days of failure she gives up.  Hardy ends the chapter with
the observation that Fate (or Providence) sometimes likes to tease
us, hinting that Eustacia will soon have the opportunity she has
given up on.  When she does finally meet Clym, therefore, it will not
be entirely her own doing.  Fate, Hardy emphasizes, will play a role.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 4

EUSTACIA IS LED ON TO AN ADVENTURE

Once again, Hardy stresses a date.  The novel began on November 5;
now it is December 23 and everyone is preparing for Christmas.  By
using holidays, Hardy has an opportunity to bring many elements of
the community together so that we can see the whole spectrum of rural
life.

At the beginning of the chapter, however, he focuses on Eustacia's
frustration at not meeting Clym.  A scheme does present itself,
however.  Bursting in on the pensive Eustacia, Charley, a young lad,
announces that he and some other amateur actors have come to practice
their parts for the annual Christmas play in Captain Vye's
fuel-house.  Eustacia is at first uninterested, but when the sound of
rehearsal reaches her bored ears, she slips outside to eavesdrop.  By
chance, she learns from the players' conversation that their first
performance of the holiday will take place at Mrs.  Yeobright's home.
Clym will be at the party, of course, but Eustacia has not been
invited.

Later, when Charley enters to return the key, she has hatched a plan.
Aware that the boy is dazzled by her, she asks him to let her play
his role, the Turkish knight, for the appearance at Blooms-End,
keeping it a secret from everyone else.  Eustacia offers to pay for
this, but Charley strikes a peculiar bargain.  He will agree if she
lets him kiss her hand and hold it for fifteen minutes.  Charley's
adoration reminds us, at this crucial point, how irresistible
Eustacia can be.

The next evening, when the boy returns with his medieval costume,
Eustacia indifferently lets him hold her hand for a few of the
bargained-for minutes.  Then she dresses as the Turkish knight and
runs through her lines in front of Charley.  She explains that she
will simply show up in his place, already dressed in her disguise,
and claim to be his cousin, saying that he's been sent on an errand
by Eustacia Vye.

The chapter ends on a strange, touching note.  Charley asks for
another minute of holding Eustacia's hand; he can't bear to pull away
and his time is fully used up to his regret.  In his own meager way,
Charley, too, gives in to passion.  His lack of control mirrors
Eustacia's much more extravagant lack of control.  What about her
feelings in this scene?  Is she embarrassed by Charley's request?
Characteristically, she hides her feelings.  What we do see is that,
when she sets her mind on something, she will not let minor obstacles
(such as conventional ideas of behavior) stand in the way.  To see
Clym, she'll fulfill Charley's pathetic request.  She will also
disguise herself as a man.  Some readers think this is an indication
that she takes the male role, the dominant role, when she meets Clym.
Others think it simply shows that she does not care what society
thinks.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 5

THROUGH THE MOONLIGHT

Like the helmeted figure in her dream that ended as a nightmare,
Eustacia has her visor down when she shows up in Charley's place the
next night.  When they arrive at Blooms-End, the mummers must wait
outside while a boisterous party is in full swing.  Hardy obviously
enjoys giving the details of the rustic music and dancing, but the
merrymaking goes on a bit too long for the waiting mummers.  When
someone suggests that they interrupt the party, Eustacia reacts
angrily--and gives her identity away.  The players, however, amiably
promise to keep her secret.

Finally, the group is admitted, and the play begins.  As the Turkish
knight, Eustacia declaims her melodramatic lines, slays the Valiant
Soldier, and is in turn dispatched by the hero, St.  George, the
patron saint of England.  This dramatic defeat, however, gives her
the opportunity she's been seeking.  During her performance, she was
unable to concentrate on the audience.  Now, as a corpse, Eustacia
can lie still and scan the crowd to find the face she is so eager to
see.  The suspense is heightened, for she is still searching as the
chapter ends.

NOTE:  SOCIAL CLASS IN EGDON Notice the observations Hardy makes
about social class in this chapter.  When Eustacia snaps at her
cohorts, both she and they accept that she is socially superior to
them, without feeling any resentment.  Eustacia is surprised that the
party is so rowdy, but we learn that the Yeobrights have asked all
their neighbours, not just the social elite.  Clym and his mother
even serve these guests themselves.  Their graciousness and
hospitality is contrasted to Eustacia's self-contained, isolated
haughtiness.  Yet the social distance between the Yeobrights and the
humbler folk of Egdon is not lessened; the social order does not
change easily in these pre-industrial rural towns.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 6

THE TWO STAND FACE TO FACE

As the play of St.  George continues, Eustacia intently surveys the
room.  (Sadly, we note that Thomasin is upstairs, too ashamed to face
her neighbors.) Eustacia is soon riveted by her first sight of Clym's
face, lit by firelight as if he is a figure in a Rembrandt painting.
Like the famous Dutch artist, Hardy uses physical details to reveal
the character's inner nature.  Clym's young face already shows
experience beyond his years.  Thought, Hardy warns, will soon destroy
his handsomeness; his natural cheerfulness is at war with the
depressing knowledge that he is gaining of the world.  The novelist
also points out that Clym's look shows "isolation"--and Eustacia,
that other isolated person, is very much moved.

When the play ends, the country folk pay their respects to Clym.
Clearly, Humphrey and the others deeply admire the young man.
Overall, we feel the usual festive atmosphere of people whose lives
are deeply intertwined.

Meanwhile, Eustacia has a problem:  she can't eat with her helmet on,
but she wants to keep her identity concealed.  Clym, as host, tries
to serve her.  Imagine her strange situation.  The man she is
"determined to love" is being kind to her, but without knowing who
she is.  Clym, however, begins to suspect something about this young
mummer.

Suddenly, as only Eustacia notices, Thomasin appears to ask Clym
about something.  Eustacia overhears just enough of the conversation
to learn that Clym doesn't know about Thomasin's painful situation.
From fantasy Eustacia is brought back to earth; her jealousy of
Thomasin flares anew.  She wonders if the cousins will fall in love,
especially since they spend so much time alone together.

Ironically, Eustacia's ruse has deprived her of a powerful weapon,
her feminine beauty.  But now Clym has begun staring at her.
Confused, she quietly slips out of the house into the moonlight.
Clym, having guessed her sex, is right behind her.  She admits that
she is a woman, offering no other information, and refuses his
invitation to return to the party.

The conversation is brief, but important.  Eustacia's answers are
straightforward and direct:  her adventure was meant as an escape
from the depression which "Life" causes for her.  In their first
meeting, Eustacia explains herself to Clym with complete honesty.  He
listens without seeming to be surprised or critical.  There seems to
be instant communication between them.

When Eustacia leaves, Clym walks up and down for a while by himself,
apparently lost in thought.  Eustacia too is in mental
turmoil--happy, fearful, ashamed, jealous.  When she nears home and
catches sight of Rainbarrow, she remembers for the first time this
evening that she had asked Wildeve to meet her up there--but it is
too late now.  She feels no remorse for standing him up; at this
point, he means nothing to her.  In fact, she wishes that she hadn't
stopped him from marrying Thomasin; then there would be no dangerous
competition for Clym.

Hardy's point is that one can never predict the outcome of events.
Eustacia interfered with the Wildeve's marriage because he seemed to
be her one hope at the time.  She could not know that a more
appealing man would soon appear.  The future, Hardy shows us, is
unpredictable; therefore man's attempts to control his own destiny
are doomed to be futile.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 7

A COALITION BETWEEN BEAUTY AND ODDNESS

The next morning, Captain Vye uncharacteristically asks his
granddaughter why she'd been out so late.  He is delighted to hear
about the trick she played.  He warns that once is enough, however,
to go around in breeches.  It is very odd for a woman of this time
and place to act as freely as she does.

Eustacia wanders off again, only to run upon Diggory.  He is hanging
around because of Thomasin, it seems; other reddlemen have gone off
for the winter.  Eustacia has already guessed that Venn is Wildeve's
supposed rival, and, like Mrs.  Yeobright, she now wants no obstacle
placed between Thomasin and Wildeve.  When Wildeve appears in the
distance Eustacia hides inside Diggory's van.  Eventually, she
convinces Diggory that she no longer cares for Wildeve.  As it
happens, Venn was watching the night before when Wildeve, angrily
waiting on the barrow, vowed to return at the same time this night.
Eustacia asks Diggory to take a message to Wildeve, because she
doesn't want to see him again.  She is puzzled that Diggory agrees.
Why should he carry news that will make his rival marry Thomasin at
last?  Eustacia just can't understand Diggory's unselfish love.

Hardy's irony here is significant.  What we commonly call love may
only be self-centeredness.  So far in this novel, only Diggory has
shown another kind of love.  He is sometimes linked with satanic
images, but at other times he seems to be more like an angel.

In any event, he brings Eustacia's farewell letter to the barrow that
night, startling the already distraught Wildeve.  Annoyed, Wildeve
reveals that he knows Diggory is his rival.  The two men quickly
part, each to mull over his own muddled situation.

Wildeve thinks Eustacia is only pretending to break it off with him;
he decides to punish her by marrying Thomasin as quickly as possible.
Diggory, equally fired to action, dresses himself in a good suit
(although the red dye remains on his face) and rushes off to
Blooms-End.  But he is too late.  Wildeve emerges from the Yeobright
cottage, gloating.  Obviously, Thomasin has accepted him.  Diggory
goes back to his van and puts on his working clothes.  Returning to
his life as a reddleman he is symbolically returning to his state of
rejection by Thomasin.  Wildeve, it seems, has won.  But what has he
won?  His motives for marrying Thomasin seem flimsy and hasty; we may
also wonder why Thomasin is marrying him--for love, or out of
cowardice?  Hardy has made clear that this marriage is doomed.
Thinking to free herself, Eustacia has unwittingly set off unhappy
changes in the lives of several people.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 8

FIRMNESS IS DISCOVERED IN A GENTLE HEART

Hardy backs up to show us the end of the previous chapter from
another view--inside the Yeobright cottage.  Thomasin explains to her
aunt why she has accepted Wildeve's proposal--not because of passion,
but because "I am a practical woman now.  I don't believe in hearts
at all." Mrs.  Yeobright leaves and comes back with the news that
Diggory has also proposed, but Thomasin hardly gives him a thought.

The next day, bravely dressing herself up as if the occasion were
joyous, Thomasin walks off alone toward the church of another parish.
In a burst of feeling, she rushes back and hugs her aunt tearfully.
Thomasin sets off firmly in a moment, however, crossing the heath
"solitary and undefended."

Some time later, Clym appears, and his mother now reveals the whole
story.  He is surprised, though he's heard rumors already, but he
reacts rather casually.  Is he a forgiving man, or simply a man of
mild feelings?  He shows no anger toward Wildeve; he doesn't consider
whether the marriage can be happy, under the circumstances.  He
lightly recalls that he was attracted to Thomasin when they were
younger, although he seems to dismiss it as a childhood crush now.
Hardy is beginning to shift our attention from Thomasin to Clym; pay
attention to these first clues to his character.

Clym decides he must go to the wedding out of kindness.  But he
returns within minutes, accompanied by Diggory, who reports that
Wildeve arrived on time and the pair have been married at last.  He
has an astonishing detail to add:  Eustacia Vye was there to give the
bride away.  Clym, who doesn't connect her with the mysterious
Turkish knight, asks who that is.  His aunt mentions the local
superstition that the girl is a witch.  Though she scoffs, perhaps we
feel it's partly true.  Eustacia does have a power to bewitch men, a
skill she means to work on Clym himself.

What Diggory doesn't reveal is that Eustacia had asked him to warn
her when the wedding was about to take place.  Veiled, she hung about
the church as a stranger, until she was asked to witness the
ceremony.  Only after the ceremony did she show herself to Wildeve
and Thomasin.  Hardy then backtracks to the wedding to show us a
significant detail that Diggory did not notice.  Wildeve and
Eustacia, knowing each other so well, exchange intense glances, each
feeling triumphant over the other.  The question Hardy lets hang,
unspoken, is whether either has really won.

NOTE:  DARKNESS AND LIGHT This dramatic confrontation at Wildeve's
wedding shows Eustacia once again hiding herself, this time with a
veil.  Before, she hid from Wildeve in Diggory's van.  At Blooms-End,
she wore a helmet.  At her grandfather's cottage, she overheard
useful conversations by staying out of sight.  Perhaps this is
Hardy's way of adding to her mystery.  Just as she conceals her face,
she often conceals her feelings.  She also follows her desires, even
when they are unconscious, or "hidden" from her.  Perhaps, for Hardy,
passionate feelings are the dark side of the soul.  Eustacia seems to
thrive in darkness.  Clym, on the other hand, has already been
identified with images of light.  Reason, as opposed to passion, is
often symbolized by light.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: BOOK THREE: THE FASCINATION

This title contains a very strong word.  We use it casually in
conversation today, to express simple attraction.  In this book,
however, Hardy portrays a fascination that is almost like a
supernatural spell.  Clym and Eustacia are tragically different kinds
of human beings, but when passion and idealism blind them, they are
swept away.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 1:

"MY MIND TO ME A KINGDOM IS"

The chapter begins with a close-up on Clym.  Like Eustacia, we still
don't know much about this unusual person.  Now, Hardy elaborates
upon his earlier comment that the young man's face is interesting
because it reveals experience.  Life has already touched and saddened
him, perhaps.

We learn that Clym was a gifted child, famous throughout the area.
He was expected to become either a great success or a great
failure--nothing ordinary.  Now, however, the country folk are
puzzled.  For a successful Parisian businessman, Clym seems to be
taking a very long holiday.

At the local men's weekly hair-cutting outside Fairway's house, the
gossip turns to this subject when they see Clym rambling over the
heath.  Within minutes, he walks up and guesses what they've been
talking about.  Note how Hardy stresses Clym's connection with the
heath and his insight into other human beings--up to a point.

Characteristically, Clym straightforwardly satisfies the villagers'
curiosity.  In vain, idle Paris, he says, he felt useless and
depressingly out of place.  Now, he has decided to educate himself at
home and then start a rural school near Egdon.

Without waiting for a reaction, he goes back toward the heath,
wrapped up in his own thoughts.  The villagers think he's making a
mistake.  Ironically, they're the very class of people he's hoping to
help.

Had Eustacia overheard this conversation, her hopes might have sunk.
Once, Clym felt as she does that Egdon was contemptible; now,
however, the sole ambition of his life is to live and work there.

Now we know what motivates Clym, as Eustacia unfortunately does not.
We've seen the contrast between young Yeobright's idealism and the
down-to-earth opinions of the men of Egdon.  The stage is set for
later conflicts.  Perhaps the title of the chapter is Hardy's warning
that Clym is living inside his own mind, dangerously supposing it to
be the entire kingdom.  That could prove to be a form of moral
blindness.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 2:

THE NEW COURSE CAUSES DISAPPOINTMENT

NOTE:  CLYM'S IDEALISM Hardy explains the difficulty of Clym's
position.  He is too far ahead of his time.  In Paris he was exposed
to new ideas, among them the notion that education can elevate
simple, uneducated people to noble heights.  Clym has foolishly (in
the eyes of his friends) abandoned his career for this.  Hardy
suggests that the young man might be either a madman or a prophet; in
any case, Clym does not take the middle course of "happiness and
mediocrity." The novelist also explains that Yeobright idealizes the
heath, loving each thing that Eustacia hates.  He's glad that
attempts to tame the heath by farming it have all failed.

Returning to Blooms-End, Clym announces his plans to his mother; thus
begins a classic confrontation, not to be resolved.  A materialistic
woman, Mrs.  Yeobright believes that a man should try to succeed in
business.  Clym has come to believe that true manhood lies in helping
mankind out of ignorance and misery.

Suddenly, the timid, superstitious Christian bursts in with a
shocking story, almost as if to prove that Egdon is in desperate need
of enlightenment.  In church that morning, Johnny Nunsuch's mother,
Susan, pricked Eustacia Vye with a needle, so hard that it drew blood
and caused the girl to faint.  Susan believes that Eustacia has
bewitched the Nunsuch children.  Christian rattles on, enjoying his
tale, but the Yeobrights instantly feel compassion for Eustacia.
Even Clym is taken aback by this living example of backward rural
behavior.

Humphrey and, later, another local, Sam, comes by to confirm the
news.  In addition, Sam refers to Eustacia as a "beauty," and Clym
begins to suspect that Eustacia may have been the Turkish knight.
Sam explains that he has stopped by to borrow some rope, to help
retrieve Captain Vye's water bucket, which has dropped to the bottom
of the well.  Out of Mrs.  Yeobright's hearing, Sam urges Clym to get
a look at Eustacia; the gathering at the well would be a good excuse
to drop by her cottage.  Obviously, Clym is attracted, although not
at all with the force of curiosity that drove Eustacia to join the
mummers.  For the moment, Hardy doesn't let us know exactly what the
young man is thinking, although he is thinking "a good deal."

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 3:

THE FIRST ACT IN A TIMEWORN DRAMA

After a sunny walk on the heath, the Yeobrights literally (and
symbolically) take separate paths:  Clym to Eustacia, his mother to
Thomasin.  Mrs.  Yeobright, seeing his eagerness, is fearful of what
may happen.  She decides not to visit The Quiet Woman and worriedly
returns home.

Fairway, the natural leader of the local men assembled around Captain
Vye's well, has tried without success to bring up the bucket, but it
slips off just at the top.  Clym offers to try while Fairway rests.
Suddenly, Eustacia shocks everyone by crying out, from an upper
window of the cottage, that they must tie a rope around Clym because
of the danger.  Clym recognizes the voice of the mysterious woman he
met by moonlight, and innocently thinks, "How thoughtful of her!" We,
of course, have the advantage of knowing that her feelings go far
deeper than mere thoughtfulness.

Eventually, the men give up for the night.  Clym, left alone with
Eustacia, offers to help her draw water from the well.  Helping him,
Eustacia hurts her hands on the rope; when Clym expresses concern,
she also shows him the wound Susan Nunsuch left on her arm.  Intimacy
seems to have instantly flowered between these two unusual people.

Nonetheless, they may not be listening carefully enough to what each
other exactly says.  Eustacia is clearly appalled by the idea of
teaching in Clym's school but Clym doesn't quite pay attention.  Clym
wants to live near Egdon more than anywhere else in the world,
obviously including Paris, but Eustacia may not quite hear him.  In
this brief encounter, Hardy spells out the problems of communication
that will dog this pair until the end.

Compare their reactions as they part.  Eustacia thinks a completely
new life has begun for her.  Clym is so inspired, he immediately
begins his studies--the very project which is in conflict with
Eustacia's ambitions.

Clym works through the bright sunny day.  In the evening, as he
confesses to his mother, he meets Eustacia again.  Mrs.  Yeobright,
though she's already reconciling herself to her son's new career,
doesn't like this growing relationship--and says so.  Clym implies
that he has no romantic interest in Eustacia.  Why is he hedging?
Hardy discusses the love between mother and son--indestructible, even
when it isn't openly affectionate.  The Yeobrights understand each
other, although they disagree.  Eustacia will have a tough job trying
to win Clym over his mother's wishes.

A few days later on, Christian reports to Mrs.  Yeobright about an
amateur archaeological dig in a barrow on the heath.  Clym apparently
took one of the artifacts and gave it to Eustacia, though as Mrs.
Yeobright intuitively realizes, Clym had intended to bring it to his
mother first.  He must have acted on an impulse of the moment.
Perhaps Eustacia may be replacing Mrs.  Yeobright in Clym's
affections, even though he may not yet fully realize it.

The weeks pass; Clym studies at home and frequently meets Eustacia on
the heath.  As March arrives, the heath begins to come back to life
with the spring.  So, too, does Clym, as love finally blossoms.  He
is even considering the possibility of marriage.  In an angry
conversation, Mrs.  Yeobright accuses her son of using his teaching
scheme to cover up his real reason for staying in Egdon--his
fascination with Eustacia.  Clym, however, actually visualizes
Eustacia as "a good matron in a boarding-school." Mrs.  Yeobright
heatedly calls Eustacia a "hussy," but her son's red-faced reaction
silences her.  They part angrily.  As Hardy warns us, this is the
"first act" of a drama that is "timeworn."

NOTE:  HARDY'S VIEW OF MARRIAGE Does Hardy mean that all marriages
are based upon such deep misunderstanding?  Some readers think he
believes successful marriages are certainly rare.  As you read, you
may want to look at other marriages in this novel.  Decide for
yourself how troubles arise in this doomed marriage:  from the
contradiction between the natures of Clym and Eustacia, or from the
difficulty of marriage between any two people.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 4

AN HOUR OF BLISS AND MANY HOURS OF SADNESS

As the chapter title indicates, Hardy leaves no doubt that things are
going to turn out badly.  The Yeobrights pass an uneasy day together.
When it is dark, Clym leaves, to watch an eclipse of the moon atop
Rainbarrow, but as the moon goes into shadow, we see him run down to
meet Eustacia at the base of the barrow, where they kiss
passionately.  Passion, we remember, is in Hardy a thing of darkness.
Clym says that he is in love for the first time in his life.
Eustacia, who is more experienced in these matters, fears that this
love "will evaporate like a spirit." She also recognizes,
realistically, that Mrs.  Yeobright would like these meetings to
stop.

To all of her fears and objections, Clym has one answer:  a proposal
of marriage.  Elusive Eustacia, however, won't agree.  She'd rather
hear about Paris.  Clym doesn't like this topic, but he describes the
city to her; bewitched by the vision, she promises to marry him--if
he will take her there.  He says he will never return.  She doesn't
believe him, but she finally consents to marry him, even though she's
honest enough to realize she won't make much of a housewife.

Betrothed to each other at last, the lovers part on a strangely sad
note.  Eustacia remembers that she once fell madly in love at the
mere glimpse of a stranger.  She knows that her love for Clym may be
fragile.  He, despite the intensity of his love, is troubled by her
desire to go to Paris and by the breach growing between him and his
mother.  He wants to keep alive three things at once:  Mrs.
Yeobright's trust, his teaching scheme, Eustacia's happiness.  But by
their very natures, these three things will not co-exist.

NOTE:  THE MEANING OF THE ECLIPSE The eclipse of the moon, a rare
natural phenomenon, probably symbolizes another phenomenon rare in
this novel--"an hour of bliss." All too briefly, the lovers have had
an ecstatic encounter on the heath.  Even in their happiness, each
saw the difficulties before them.  Neither, however, wants to turn
back now, no matter what.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 5

SHARP WORDS ARE SPOKEN, AND A CRISIS ENSUES

Clym's life now is centered on two activities only--his studies and
his secret meetings with Eustacia.

Then Mrs.  Yeobright hears from Thomasin that Captain Vye has
announced Eustacia's engagement to Clym at The Quiet Woman.  The
stunned mother realizes that she has lost her son, but, hopeless as
it is, she argues with him.  The same old points are brought up
again:  she even mentions the rumor about Eustacia's affair with
Wildeve, but Clym has already heard, and believed, his beloved's
sanitized version of that episode.  Clym announces that he and his
bride will not go to Paris, but he will compromise by starting a
school in Budmouth, the resort town Eustacia remembers from
childhood.

Like many crucial arguments between people who are important to each
other, this one darts from point to point; there is more stress than
logic evident.  Frantic Mrs.  Yeobright says that she wishes Clym
would leave the house, though she does not really mean it.  Deeply
hurt, he leaves, barely able to speak.  As he walks away, however,
the sunny afternoon seems to promise summer, much as his engagement,
in his eyes, promises happiness.

He waits for Eustacia in a verdant hollow filled only with ferns, as
if he and she will be alone at the beginning of the world.  Sadly,
this meeting was originally planned for Clym and Eustacia to win Mrs.
Yeobright over to their plans.  Eustacia, perceptively, guesses what
has happened with Mrs.  Yeobright yet she accepts this trouble
philosophically.  The lovers forget the world for a while, it seems,
as they stroll through the tall ferns.

As this peaceful interlude comes to an end, the sun is about to set.
Perhaps moved by the symbolism of the dying day, Eustacia exclaims
that she cannot bear to part with Clym.  Mirroring her passion, he
decides they will get married immediately.  Eustacia agrees, but
notice her reaction when he explains that they will have to live in a
tiny cottage on the heath until he's ready to take her to Budmouth.
"How long...?" is her question.  Six months, he promises.  Ominously,
the marriage that was to be an escape from Egdon for her is beginning
as no change at all, or even a setback, to life in a smaller, meaner
house.  Clym brightly promises that everything will work out.  The
decision has been made; they will marry in two weeks.

As Eustacia walks away, Clym feels a surprising stab of depression as
he gazes at his beloved heath.  Its bare flatness seems to suggest to
him that he is not superior to anyone else.  Despite his great desire
to help the uneducated masses, he has just made the kind of mistake
anyone might make.  Eustacia, too, seems no longer a goddess to him
but merely a woman.  Reality is moving in.

Hardy ends this chapter by suggesting that the reality of marriage
may not be to Eustacia's liking.  Is Mrs.  Yeobright's anger
responsible for the couple's decision to marry right away?  It is a
factor, but so is the impatience of young love.  By now, we're aware
of many reasons why Clym and Eustacia should not marry.  But it's
difficult to imagine how anything could prevent this marriage.
Passion has overpowered reason.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 6

YEOBRIGHT GOES, AND THE BREACH IS COMPLETE

On a cold June day, Clym packs his goods and, without a word to his
mother, goes off to rent a small cottage six miles away, where he
will live alone until the wedding.

NOTE:  PATHETIC FALLACY Notice how the weather seems to reflect
Clym's mood.  This is a literary technique called "pathetic fallacy,"
and you will find Hardy using it a lot.  Clym also notes that some
trees planted the year he was born are being battered by the
wind--perhaps as he is being emotionally battered.  Egdon heath
itself, however, is hardly affected by the storm.

Left to herself, Mrs.  Yeobright is distraught with grief.  The next
day, Thomasin appears--like a bird--and despite everything, she
lights up the area by her presence.  She says that her marriage is
proceeding well enough, but she does have difficulty asking Wildeve
for money.  Mrs.  Yeobright reveals that her husband left some money
to be divided between Thomasin and Clym.  She will give Thomasin her
share on one condition:  the girl must first see whether Wildeve will
offer to give her any.  Thomasin now tries to get her aunt to forgive
Clym, but the older woman, for all her common sense, still feels hurt
by his behavior.  Thomasin visits her daily for a week to comfort
her, but then is kept home by an unexplained illness.

We haven't seen Wildeve since the day of his wedding; now he appears
again standing outside The Quiet Woman.  A cart driver passes by with
news of wedding preparations at Captain Vye's cottage.  Wildeve's
immediate reaction is a painful longing for Eustacia again.  Why?
Because another man wants her.  Eustacia had a similar reaction
toward Wildeve when Thomasin was her rival.  Eustacia and Wildeve
still resemble each other, it seems.  Hardy scoffs at Wildeve and at
all people who indulge themselves by wanting only what they cannot
have.  He, like Eustacia, is the opposite of Clym, who loves what is
near, in Egdon.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 7

THE MORNING AND THE EVENING OF A DAY

Purposely, Hardy does not take us to Clym and Eustacia's wedding.
Instead, we experience it only through the gloomy imaginings of Mrs.
Yeobright.  The day is lovely, and church bells peal merrily in the
distance, but we are with a weeping woman who predicts her son will
someday be sorry.

Later, Wildeve comes to Blooms-End.  He and Thomasin's aunt seem to
have made a necessary truce; he has made an effort to be courteous to
her.  But it appears that she still doesn't really trust him.
Thomasin, who is at Clym's wedding at Mistover, has asked her husband
to pick up "some article or other" from her aunt; she didn't explain
to him that the "article" is her half of the money left by the late
Mr.  Yeobright.  Mrs.  Yeobright doesn't explain, either, but offends
Wildeve by insisting on giving it to her niece in person.

After he leaves, Mrs.  Yeobright decides to send the money to
Thomasin at the wedding feast so that Wildeve won't find out about
it.  She'll send Clym's share at the same time, as a token of her
good feeling for him.  She divides the hundred guineas equally into
two small canvas bags.

Unfortunately, she asks Christian, who is loitering about, to deliver
the inheritance.  On the way to Mistover, hearing voices over a rise,
timid Christian empties the coins into his boots for safekeeping.
The voices turn out by chance to be old friends, however, headed for
a raffle at The Quiet Woman.  Even though the prize is "a gown-piece
for his wife or sweetheart," Christian, the man no woman could love,
tags along, pathetically hoping to see the fun.

In fact, to the amusement of everyone at the inn, he does win the
raffle.  As the crowd starts carousing, Christian muses over his good
fortune, superstitiously believing it proves that he was born lucky.

NOTE:  THE ILLUSION OF GOOD FORTUNE Christian's foolish attitude
toward the lucky dice could be an example of some common attitudes
toward Fate.  Hardy may be saying that, in times of good fortune, we
are tempted to think we're in control of events.  But the truth is
probably otherwise, as Christian's actions soon show.

Christian stupidly drops enough hints for Wildeve to guess the nature
of his errand to Mistover.  Thomasin's husband, quickly setting a
trap, offers to accompany Christian, and he lets him borrow a pair of
those marvelous dice.  As the two set out carrying a lantern, we
learn that Diggory has been silently watching from the inn's dark
chimney-corner.

Out in the warm misty night, Wildeve suggests a brief rest and a dice
game.  Christian, obsessed with the dice, is eager to try his
newfound luck again.  First Christian loses his own money.  He
decides to win it back by betting with Thomasin's money, but Wildeve
wins the whole fifty guineas.  Christian dips into Clym's share as
well, but beyond control, that, too, is eventually lost.

Christian is struck with remorse, but Wildeve views the matter
coolly.  Even when he learns that half his winnings had actually
belonged to Clym, he insists that he has gained fair possession of
them.  In his eyes, he hasn't committed a crime; he has merely proved
his cleverness.  Hardy, however, seems to feel Wildeve's behavior is
not wholly admirable.

As the chapter ends, the defeated Christian totters away.  Wildeve is
about to leave, too, when Diggory suddenly appears in the light of
the lantern.  What does he know?  What can he do?  Hardy leaves the
answers to the following chapter.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 8

A NEW FORCE DISTURBS THE CURRENT

The "current" of the title probably refers to the trend of events,
which, for the previous few pages, has turned in Wildeve's favor.  In
Hardy's world, however fate is not constant.

With no ceremony, Diggory sets down a coin; Wildeve cannot resist
continuing to play.  He obviously felt superior to Christian's naive
eagerness, but now he is just as greedy and obsessed himself.

The game is tense, see-sawing back and forth.  The two men make a
contrast in temperament:  "nervous and excitable" Wildeve, Diggory
seeming like "a red-sandstone statue." Hardy clearly prefers Diggory;
unlike many novelists, he often lets you know just how he feels about
his characters.

Almost uncannily, Diggory begins to win.  The furious Wildeve throws
the dice away in frustration but insists that the game continue, even
though only one die is recovered.  Nothing can stop Wildeve now; he
is possessed, perhaps just as he once let love possess him.  When a
moth extinguishes the lantern, Wildeve frantically gathers enough
glowworms to produce light for the game.  When he eventually loses
all of the money, he sits stupefied, as Diggory disappears into the
darkness.

Within moments, the newlyweds pass by in a carriage.  Diggory stops
them to ask about Thomasin.  Learning that she is following soon, he
waits until she rides up and, without explanation, hands her the
money he's just won from her husband.

Unfortunately, this fine attempt to rectify an evil is marred by one
mistake.  Diggory thinks that the whole sum of 100 guineas belongs to
Thomasin.  This innocent error may cause more trouble than if the
whole sum had been lost.

NOTE:  GOOD INTENTIONS Mrs.  Yeobright had thought she could do good
by sending half the guineas to her son, but Christian's
superstitiousness and Wildeve's deceit got in the way.  Diggory tries
to do good by winning back Thomasin's money, but his ignorance of the
whole story gets in his way.  It seems that chance ironically often
causes decent actions to have evil results.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: BOOK FOUR: THE CLOSED DOOR

As we shall see, as simple a thing as a closed door will cause
disaster for the major characters.  People will misunderstand each
other's motives, a marriage will founder, and one person will die.
Again, it's the tiny details of chance that throw human lives into
chaos.  But perhaps that closed door can also be understood as a
symbol for the past, which cannot be retrieved.  Once events are set
in motion, we can never stop fate.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 1

THE RENCOUNTER BY THE POOL

It is July, and the heath glows in its one gorgeous season of the
year.  Similarly, Clym and Eustacia's marriage is glowing.  They love
everything because they are in love with each other.  Such paradise
cannot last, however, in Hardy's world.  Clym finally returns to his
studies, and Eustacia anxiously guesses that her hopes of moving soon
to Paris are doomed.

Now, the misunderstandings over the guineas begin to multiply.  Not
having received a thank-you from Clym, Mrs.  Yeobright begins to
guess that Thomasin somehow received all one hundred guineas.
Hearing that Eustacia is visiting Captain Vye, Clym's mother decides
to ask her whether or not his share of the money ever arrived.
Things are further complicated when Christian confesses that he lost
all the money to Wildeve.

Notice how several small lies have built up into this confusion.
Mrs.  Yeobright didn't tell Wildeve about the money; he didn't tell
Thomasin about the gambling incident; Thomasin promised Diggory she
wouldn't tell her husband that she now has the money--these
deceptions add up and cause great harm.  And when Mrs.  Yeobright
rushes off to see Eustacia, she interprets Eustacia's evasive answers
as evidence that Wildeve returned Clym's share to Eustacia, his
former lover.  Mrs.  Yeobright suspects that Eustacia is cheating on
Clym.  Both women speak sharply, proudly, opening up old wounds.  As
they lash out at each other, we discover that each has been deeply
hurt by the other and wants to get even.  In her anger, Eustacia says
that she wishes she hadn't married Clym, and predicts that the breach
between Clym and his mother will never be healed.  Mrs.  Yeobright
defends herself, warning Eustacia that if she ever shows this kind of
temper to Clym, she'll regret it.

Ironically, this encounter has taken place beside the pond where
Wildeve and Eustacia used to meet.  As her mother-in-law rushes off,
Eustacia turns her gaze toward the pool.  Like us, she is surely
reminded of Wildeve by this symbol.  Perhaps, she is thinking of what
might have been, if she had not driven him into Thomasin's arms.

NOTE:  ANGER AS A DANGEROUS PASSION During this upsetting
conversation, which woman was in the wrong?  If there is guilt, it is
probably about equal.  Passion is still a dangerous force, even when
it is anger, not romantic love.  This passion has made Eustacia and
Mrs.  Yeobright deaf to each other, at least for the moment, breeding
more misunderstandings.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 2

HE IS SET UPON BY ADVERSITIES; BUT HE SINGS A SONG

Clym notices Eustacia's emotional state when she rushes home, and so
she explains that his mother has indirectly accused her of taking
money from Wildeve.  Desperately, she suggests moving to Paris as an
answer to this galling situation.  But he is astonished that she
thinks he would change his mind about Paris; Eustacia glumly
recognizes, all too well, that she has been living in a dream.  He
will not discuss the issue, and they turn away from each
other--perhaps a fatal first step.

The next day, the mystery of the money is cleared up.  Thomasin
visits to give Clym his half.  It is too late, however, as Clym sadly
realizes, to heal the quarrel between the two women who mean most to
him.

More troubles lie in store for Clym.  His concentrated studies bring
on an acute inflammation of the eyes, making it impossible for him to
read.  As weeks pass, he does not improve, and Eustacia nervously
fears that she will be chained to a lonely, boring existence, perhaps
even with a blind husband.

Clym, on the other hand, remains cheerful.  Walking out into the
bright sun one day, he meets Humphrey, who is cutting furze.  Though
it is low-class work, Clym realizes that he could do it even in his
present condition.  As you'd expect, this decision horrifies
Eustacia; it's just one more come-down in their status.

Clym ignores her objections, however.  Daily, he works with Humphrey,
finding peace and calm out in the fields.  He almost merges with the
heath; insects and small animals take his presence for granted.

Eustacia discovers Clym at work one morning happily singing a French
love-song.  Her pity for him turns in a flash to anger, the kind of
anger that arises from despair.  In the unsatisfactory conversation
that follows, Clym realizes that her love for him has almost died; he
says, however, he still loves her.  She feels that she is the one who
deserves pity, chained as she is to a life she despises.  Clym tries
gently to explain to her his philosophy about living humbly.

For all his fine ideas, however, Clym is missing the point.
Independent, yearning Eustacia needs to see the greater life outside
Egdon for herself.  Dimly sighted Clym seems to be blind to this
need.  Consider what kind of schoolmaster Clym will make, if he
expects his students to accept what he says without question.  His
conviction that he is right may be a kind of self-centeredness.

Rather than risk what her tongue might blurt out in response,
Eustacia leaves him to his work.  There is still affection between
them; each is still trying to avoid directly attacking the other.  As
we're seeing, however, the gulf of misunderstanding between them is
wide, and may be widening.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 3

SHE GOES OUT TO BATTLE AGAINST DEPRESSION

It is late August.  The brief shining summer of Egdon Heath is almost
over, just as the brief shining marital happiness of Eustacia and
Clym has dimmed.  Clym optimistically expects the situation to
improve, even though he realizes that, to his sobbing wife, he has
changed from a hero into a common laborer.

Eustacia decides to fight off her deepening depression by going to
East Egdon, where a village picnic will offer dancing.  Clym's
somewhat jealous, but he admits he would be a gloomy sight at such a
festival and tells her to go on alone.  Eustacia's spirit rebounds;
she decides to hide her suffering from the world and act merry for an
evening.  Though you may not entirely admire Eustacia at this point,
she does at least regain her former courage.  When she dresses in a
way that brightens her unusual beauty, even Hardy (who is often hard
on her) comments that she might have good reason for resenting a life
that doomed such charms to misery.

All is liveliness and young love at the East Egdon festivities.
Unfortunately, Eustacia's female friend who had suggested the outing
does not show up.  Even independent-minded Eustacia cannot join in
the dancing as a strange woman alone.  But the sensuous, pagan spirit
of the moonlit night enters Eustacia's blood, and she longs to join
in the dancing.  Suddenly, in this moment of frustrated emotions,
Wildeve appears at her side.

It is their first encounter since his wedding day, and, by chance, it
comes at a moment when Eustacia is very susceptible to Wildeve's
appeal.  Veiled, as if admitting that she's doing something improper,
Eustacia accepts her former lover's invitation to dance.  Soon, her
pulse races.  The dancing shows us her passionate nature, as she
whirls and glides away from the boredom of her married life.
Passion, once again, leads Eustacia astray.

The pair are united in pleasure, so obviously that the bystanders
notice.  As for Wildeve, this evening makes him once again want to
have Eustacia as his own, all year long.  When they sit down together
on the grass to rest, Wildeve tenderly pries out the truth about
Eustacia's unhappiness.  He does seem more sympathetic in this
scene--gentler, and more genuinely in love.  Eustacia boldly accepts
his offer to accompany her homeward, even though it would give the
locals something to gossip about.  The moonlight is bright, but the
heath remains dark, and Eustacia needs Wildeve's touch to steady her
from time to time.  It's a delicate situation, and the danger must
make it even more thrilling to them both.

Suddenly Clym appears, with Diggory, who is still Wildeve's
determined adversary.  In the dim light, Clym does not see Wildeve
slip quietly away, from Eustacia but the reddleman does.  After Clym
and Eustacia head for home, he rushes to The Quiet Woman to catch
Wildeve.

Thomasin tells Diggory that her husband has gone to East Egdon to buy
a horse.  Diggory, being surprisingly subtle, reports that he
glimpsed her husband leading something home--"a beauty with a white
face and a mane as black as night." Innocent Thomasin doesn't catch
his reference, but we know he's talking about Eustacia.  Wildeve,
too, immediately understands the meaning of this comment when
Thomasin reports it to him later.  He realizes that Diggory is
warning him, that he will be watching the reawakening of Wildeve's
affair with Eustacia.

Diggory has also picked up a note of sadness beneath Thomasin's light
tone when she jokes about husbands liking to play the truant.  We can
guess that the reddleman, who cares deeply about Thomasin's
happiness, will be doing his best to prevent Wildeve from betraying
her with Eustacia.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 4

ROUGH COERCION IS EMPLOYED

Diggory's suspicions about Wildeve were aroused, it turns out, while
he was just passing through the neighborhood.  But now he is
irresistibly drawn back into Thomasin's affairs.  As he follows
Wildeve, he realizes that so far Wildeve and Eustacia have not really
taken up their old relationship again--yet.  But Wildeve has taken up
the suspicious habit of walking out at night to the Yeobright's
cottage.

One night, as a warning, Diggory rigs up a trap that causes his enemy
to stumble.  Wildeve recognizes that the red-colored string in the
trap is another warning from the persistent reddleman, but he
continues his romantic walks, as if he had no power to stop.  One
night, he catches a moth and daringly slips it through the partly
opened window of the Yeobright's cottage.  The moth flies into a
candle, and Eustacia recognizes the signal Wildeve used in the days
of their love.  Clym comes in and notices her agitation.  She says
she needs to go out for some air, but there is suddenly a loud
knocking at the front door.  When she answers it, no one is there,
however.  We learn that Diggory pounded on the door, so that Wildeve
would have to sneak away.  As he leaves the cottage, a gun is fired
in his direction and he runs for cover, realizing that Venn may even
want to hurt him seriously.  Diggory's actions may seem odd, almost
obsessive.  He may also seem like a magical sprite here.  Yet his
tricks do not have quite the effect he intends.  In fact, Wildeve
realizes that it's too dangerous to visit Eustacia at night, and he
decides to see her by day.  Diggory's interference has hastened the
affair, quite contrary to his desires.

Meanwhile, he continues his well-intended meddling by going to Mrs.
Yeobright.  He tells her that, in his view, both Clym and Thomasin
would be happier if she would swallow her pride and visit them.  Mrs.
Yeobright pretends to remain firm, but Diggory's hints about Wildeve
and Eustacia make her decide to visit her son; she has already
decided to forgive him, anyway.

At the same moment, Clym is telling Eustacia that he wants to patch
things up with his mother.  He asks Eustacia to welcome his mother,
if he is successful.  Holding back her true feelings, she agrees not
to interfere, but she refuses to go and make advances herself to Mrs.
Yeobright.

NOTE:  THE CONSEQUENCES OF AN ACTION Repeatedly, Hardy sounds his
theme that one action can be like a stone thrown into a pond and
causing ever-widening circles to form.  Clym's return has
dramatically changed more lives than he knows.  It is another form of
blindness, perhaps, that keeps him, like all people, from realizing
that his mistakes may have far-reaching consequences.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 5

THE JOURNEY ACROSS THE HEATH

On an oppressively hot day, the last day of August, Mrs.  Yeobright
walks across the heath to make up with Clym and Eustacia.  The air,
says Hardy, is like the inside of a kiln, a furnace for firing
pottery.  Mrs.  Yeobright feels the strain and must rest frequently.
Because she has never visited her son's cottage, she further tires
herself by taking wrong pathways, all of them uphill.

Coming upon a laborer, she asks the way.  The man simply tells her to
follow an anonymous furze-cutter, walking in the distance.  Mrs.
Yeobright slowly realizes that the unknown furze-cutter is Clym.  The
revelation disturbs her so much that she instantly begins scheming to
rescue him and Eustacia.  Ironically, her wishes are for once the
same as those of her dissatisfied daughter-in-law.

From a distance, she sees Clym enter his cottage.  Tired and
emotionally upset, she sits down to rest a moment on a hill.  The
broken, scarred trees around her produce a mysterious foreboding
moan.  As she sits there, Mrs.  Yeobright spies a man circling Clym's
cottage below, then going in.  She's annoyed, at first but then she
decides that this stranger's arrival might be a good thing after all;
it could make her entrance easier, since everyone would be forced to
be casual and polite.

The chapter ends with a masterful picture of a hot, lazy summer
afternoon--a sleeping housecat, metallically glaring leaves, wasps
rolling on the ground drunk with apple juice.  This quiet moment will
prove to be the calm before the storm.  Mrs.  Yeobright is last seen
at Clym's garden gate, poised to begin her attempt at making peace.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 6

A CONJUNCTURE, AND ITS RESULT UPON THE PEDESTRIAN

Hardy now backs up to explain why another person has appeared at Clym
and Eustacia's cottage this afternoon.  Wildeve, again bewitched by
Eustacia's spell, cannot resist seeing her.  So as not to compromise
her, he has decided to visit her openly, even when Clym might be at
home.

When Wildeve enters, Eustacia gives him a cool reception.  She shows
him Clym, who has fallen asleep on a rug on the floor.  Eustacia
certainly sees the contrast between her dirty, weary husband and the
buoyant, well-dressed Wildeve, but she is not ready to throw over
Clym.  She admits to Wildeve that the marriage is not working, but
blames Clym's eye trouble.  Wildeve makes it clear that he still
loves her; she admits that she's not exactly unhappy to hear that,
considering the state of her marriage.  Moved by feelings they cannot
express, they gaze enviously at the sleeping Clym, who seems to
possess a sense of peace which neither of them can achieve.

They are startled by a knock on the door.  Mrs.  Yeobright is there,
about to walk in on a scene which would confirm all her suspicions of
Eustacia.  Fate, seems once again to have dealt Eustacia an unfair
blow.  Her reactions whirl--she wants to hide Wildeve; she longs to
be seen with him, no matter what her mother-in-law might think; she's
unwilling to open the door to a woman who dislikes her so much.

When the knocking is repeated, Clym mumbles the word, "Mother," in
his sleep.  Eustacia's certain that he will answer the knock, and now
it's more important that Wildeve must not be seen.  Eustacia slips
with her former lover out the back door, telling him quite firmly
never to visit again.  She waits by herself in the garden--partly
because she might be in the way, partly because she is not eager to
face Mrs.  Yeobright.  Throughout this scene, her emotions have been
mixed, confused, contradictory.

Soon, Eustacia notices that the cottage is silent.  Going in, she
discovers that Clym never woke up.  She rushes to open the door, but
it is too late; there's no one there, nothing but the great hot
silent heath.

Out of sight, Mrs.  Yeobright is struggling homeward.  She's half-mad
with distress, because she glimpsed Eustacia's face through a window
and, knowing that Clym was inside, she assumes that he willingly
allowed his wife to keep the door barred against his mother.

By chance, little Johnny Nunsuch idly appears on the path beside Mrs.
Yeobright.  As she rambles on about Eustacia's coldheartedness and
Clym's rejection, the boy tells her she is talking nonsense.  As he
describes how she looks to him--pale, sweating, and almost in
convulsions--we suspect that there's more than a little weariness
affecting her.

She finally sits down, scarcely able to breathe, and pulls out a
small teacup, ironically one of a set which she was going to give as
a peace offering to Clym and Eustacia.  Johnny brings her some
lukewarm pond water, but it is too nauseating to drink.  Bored, the
boy asks to leave, but Mrs.  Yeobright sends him off with a dreadful
message, "...you have seen a broken-hearted woman cast off by her
son."

Alone, exposed to the draining sun, this once-proud, independent
woman creeps along feebly.

Hardy, in this chapter, has been almost as hard on the reader as Fate
has been on the characters.  Helpless, we watch people make decisions
which bring on disaster.  It's frustrating to know what Mrs.
Yeobright cannot--that her son loves her, that Eustacia did not mean
for her to be shut out.

Why did Wildeve have to visit the cottage at that particular moment?
Why didn't Clym wake up fully?  Why did Mrs.  Yeobright happen to see
Eustacia in the window?  These tiny tricks of fate seem to lead to
cruel consequences.

Is Eustacia to blame for slipping away?  Is Mrs.  Yeobright to blame,
because she was so stubborn in the beginning?  As we have seen
before, Hardy does not give simple answers to these questions.  He
wants his novel to be as puzzling as life itself is.

NOTE:  FRUSTRATING FATE Often, Hardy's readers are shown that
unfortunate happenings could be avoided "if only" some small thing
had happened otherwise.  If this makes you feel frustrated, it is
just what the novelist wants you to feel.  He does not believe we can
control our lives.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 7

THE TRAGIC MEETING OF TWO OLD FRIENDS

Back at the cottage, Clym wakes up from a terrible dream.  In it,
Eustacia and he went to visit his mother, but could not get in, even
though she was heard screaming for help.  This dream--so close to the
truth, if he only knew it!--makes him wonder why his mother still
hasn't broken her silence.  He decides to break down and go visit her
this evening.  When she hears this, Eustacia offers to go to
Blooms-End herself.  She hopes, of course, to apologize to Mrs.
Yeobright, and clear up the whole matter before Clym can even hear
about it.  But Clym, puzzled, insists on going himself.  Both, in
different ways, want to take action, without knowing that it is
already too late.

At sunset, Clym walks off on the darkened heath for several miles.
Scenting his mother's perfume (how well he knows her!) he stops, and
a faint moan reaches his ears.  He discovers with shock his mother,
lying in a heap at his feet.  He carries her limp body toward
Blooms-End, but decides he'd better stop and set her down in a small
shed about a mile from her cottage.  Making her as comfortable as
possible on a bed of dried fern, he runs off to get help.

Soon, the country folk arrive.  They discover that she has been
bitten by an adder, or snake.  Sam suggests an old folk
remedy--frying other adders to produce fat for an ointment.  Two
freshly killed snakes, and one live one, are found.  Mrs.  Yeobright
and the living snake stare at each other; it looks angry and evil,
causing her to tremble.  The country folk, too, see evil in the
snake.  Yet, while the remedy is being prepared, they chatter on,
their familiar characters as unchanging, in their way, as Egdon
Heath.  Susan Nunsuch, Johnny's mother, brings a frying-pan, and the
snakes are cooked.  Clym, the man of progressive ideas, finds himself
gently anointing his mother's wound with this crude ointment, if only
because the doctor has not yet arrived.

Here is the reconciliation that both mother and son have desired for
so long.  But it's scarcely satisfying; she is barely conscious and
may be dying; he doesn't know if he has been forgiven; she may not
even be aware of his tender nursing.  A cruel price has been paid for
this reunion.

NOTE:  MRS.  YEOBRIGHT'S DEATH AS A PUBLIC EVENT Notice that Hardy
purposely turns this scene into a public event.  Just as at the
bonfire and at the Christmas party, the villagers have gathered to
comment and observe, and thus we are reminded of the social context
of the Yeobright's private tragedy.  Ironically, the villagers may
feel more comfortable with Mrs.  Yeobright, who thinks herself
superior, than with her son, who wants so badly to educate them.  If
she dies, it will be an event of major importance to the Egdon area.
One generation will have passed on, leaving room for the new.  If she
dies, some of the values of the past may also die.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 8

EUSTACIA HEARS OF GOOD FORTUNE AND BEHOLDS EVIL

Alone at home, Eustacia is depressed, fearing there will be some ugly
consequences of her not opening the door.  Yet she doesn't blame
herself, but Providence.

Deciding to walk out to meet Clym on his way homeward, she instead
encounters Captain Vye.  He reports that Wildeve has unexpectedly
inherited a huge fortune from an uncle in Canada.  Eustacia's
grandfather calls her a fool for not hanging on to him, she wonders
why Wildeve didn't tell her this news when he came to visit.

As she reflects, Wildeve himself re-appears.  Casually, they walk
together to meet Clym.  When she asks him about the inheritance, he
gallantly says he hadn't told her because her own fortunes were not
so happy.  She changes the subject and Wildeve explains his plans to
invest most of the money and use the rest for a year's travel to the
world's most exciting places--beginning, of course, with Paris.
Without knowing of Eustacia's dreams of Paris, he too yearns toward
it.  These two people resemble each other, even in their longings.
They begin to talk over the past; Wildeve hints that he would never
have married Thomasin if Eustacia hadn't rejected him.

Suddenly, they see a light ahead, cast by the shed where Mrs.
Yeobright lies.  Hidden in the dark, they overhear the doctor tell
Clym that his mother's in danger, not so much from the bite as from
exhaustion.  She is sinking fast.  We hear Mrs.  Yeobright's last
gasp.  Then little Johnny Nunsuch shrieks out her words to him:  "she
said I was to say that I had seed her, and she was a broken-hearted
woman and cast off by her son." Clym sobs miserably.  Eustacia,
concealed in darkness (as we've seen her so often), is torn between
comforting him and avoiding exposure.

Deciding to slip away, Eustacia faces putting the blame on herself at
last.  She tells Wildeve that she cannot speak to him any more.  As
he vanishes, she can see only one sight--the procession carrying the
body of her mother-in-law.  Figuratively, too, she sees only this
because it is now the most important fact in her life.  Book Four,
titled "The Closed Door," concludes with the most terrible
consequence of Eustacia's neglecting to open that door:  Mrs.
Yeobright's death.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: BOOK FIVE: THE DISCOVERY

By now, you can guess the meaning of Hardy's title.  It seems likely
that Eustacia's act will be discovered.  Notice that Hardy often uses
titles that give away what will happen.  Perhaps he is less
interested in surprising us with developments of plot than with
reminding us of his themes.  He wants us to think about what happens
to Eustacia and whether or not she deserves her fate.  He wants us to
study, along with him, how tragedy can occur when ordinary people try
to live fulfilling lives.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 1

"WHEREFORE IS LIGHT GIVEN TO HIM THAT IS IN MISERY?"

Weeks later, in the moonlight outside their cottage, we see Eustacia,
who has been faithfully nursing the grief-torn Clym.  When Humphrey
stops by, she tells him that her husband's delirium has subsided, but
he is still obsessed by thoughts of his mother.  Eustacia goes back
inside, where Clym twists and turns, accusing himself of causing Mrs.
Yeobright's death.  He says hopelessly, "If she had only come to see
me!" Obviously, then, Eustacia still hasn't told him about the
aborted visit.  As Clym wails in despair and guilt, his wife is again
and again reminded of her own guilt.

Thomasin arrives, hoping to comfort Clym, but he rises to new heights
of grief.  Eustacia holds her tongue, but Clym rages on, condemning
himself, wildly picturing his mother dying, Eustacia feels even more
guilty.  When he calls on God to punish him, she knows that it is she
who deserves punishment.

Thomasin gently urges her cousin to calm down.  We learn that she is
about to have a child; afterwards, she and Wildeve mean to begin
their travels.

NOTE:  LIFE GOES ON As we have seen throughout the novel, Hardy
believes in the continuity of life itself at Egdon, no matter what
happens to individuals.  Mrs.  Yeobright has died, but, as if to
restore the natural balance, a new soul is about to enter the world.
Wildeve's plans for a new lifestyle are being carried out, even
though Eustacia's life has sunk into a dull round of duty.

For Clym, life has stopped.  Reverting to his own concerns, he again
repeats his mother's accusing last message; tortured, Eustacia begs
him to stop.  Thomasin, level-headed, reminds Clym that his mother
often spoke in haste, and she'd probably forgiven him, nonetheless.

Wildeve drives up outside, and Eustacia goes out to tell him that
Thomasin is coming in a few minutes.  Wretchedly, she confesses that
she has not yet told Clym the story of the closed door.  She wants to
tell him, but she's afraid that, in his present state, Clym might
actually kill her.  His overmastering grief, we see, is another
example of the sort of passion that can destroy reason.  Wildeve,
typically the diplomat, suggests that Eustacia not confess until Clym
is better; even then, she shouldn't reveal that Wildeve himself was
on the scene that day.  Eustacia, ever the pragmatic one, agrees.

When Thomasin and Wildeve drive off together, their shared future
looks bright, with the promise of a child and exciting travel.
Eustacia watches them sadly; her own future looks dark indeed.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 2

A LURID LIGHT BREAKS IN UPON DARKENED UNDERSTANDING

Clym improves over the following month, if only because his grief
wears out.  Now, however he is unnaturally silent.

While Clym is working in the garden one evening, Eustacia brings the
happy news that Thomasin has given birth to a baby girl.  As you may
suspect, however, simple-minded Christian also brings trouble, as he
has so often before.  He reports that he saw Mrs.  Yeobright the day
she died, setting out on the six-mile walk to Clym's place.
Christian doesn't know why she was coming, but he suggests that
Diggory, who has been away lately, might.  This news, which might
have comforted Clym, has come too late.  If Christian weren't so
addle-brained, and if Venn had not vanished, Clym might not have had
to suffer his long ordeal of terrible remorse.

In any event, Clym sets off one day to Blooms-End because the
property is now his legal responsibility.  As he wanders through his
childhood home, he looks fondly on the old family furnishings, which
he knows Eustacia would want to get rid of.  Great differences still
exist between husband and wife.

Coincidentally, Venn appears at the cottage; he's shocked when he
learns that Mrs.  Yeobright is dead.  The two men sit down in the
large room where, only the previous Christmas, life had seemed so
carefree.  Change is one of Hardy's themes:  change which brings the
death of hopes, the death of people.

Diggory, we learn, spoke with Mrs.  Yeobright the night before she
died.  He tells Clym that she didn't blame him at all.  This news
does not satisfy Clym.  He wants to know what could have changed her
mind, to make her give her bitter message to Johnny Nunsuch.

When Diggory leaves, the puzzle continues to eat away at Clym.  After
a sleepless night at Blooms-End, he decides to question Johnny again.
The next morning he takes the path to the Nunsuch cottage, feeling a
chill in the air--a possible bad omen.

When Susan answers Clym's knock, he recalls how she pricked Eustacia
with a needle.  In fact, Johnny is ill again, and his mother believes
Eustacia is to blame.  In a sense, she has her revenge on Eustacia
now.  Her son Johnny reveals to the astonished Clym that he saw the
whole episode:  Mrs.  Yeobright resting at the Devil's Bellows, a
gentleman entering Clym's cottage, Mrs.  Yeobright knocking at the
door, Eustacia watching her from a window.

Wildly, Clym ricochets from bewilderment to anger, finally shouting,
"May all murderesses get the torment they deserve!" He doesn't have
to use Eustacia's name; we know whom he means.  Clym seems possessed
by a mood in which anything is possible.

NOTE:  MANKIND'S INSIGNIFICANCE Distraught and dangerous as Clym
becomes, the face of the heath in contrast is "imperturbable." Just
as the action heats up to fever pitch, the novelist reminds us that a
single man's tragedy means nothing to this ancient wasteland.
Probably, he is suggesting that all of mankind's troubles and joys
are insignificant, when compared with the long existence of the
earth.  What we most fear or love is forgotten in time.  Mankind is
probably not the center of the universe.  The universe probably pays
no attention to us.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 3

EUSTACIA DRESSES HERSELF ON A BLACK MORNING

Clym rushes home in a fury.  When he enters Eustacia's room, she has
just woken up and is seated at her mirror.  In the glass, she sees
his face, which is "ashy, haggard, and terrible." With a frightening
kind of intimacy, the pallor of his face transfers immediately to his
wife's.  Instantly, each understands the other.

Eustacia, however, plays for time.  She pretends not to understand
his hints about Wildeve's visit; exasperated, Clym says that he's
referring to the day Eustacia "shut the door against my mother and
killed her." Coolly she asks if he means to kill her, but he answers
no, for that would make a martyr of her; besides, death might cause
her to meet Mrs.  Yeobright in the after-life, and Clym wants them
kept apart eternally.  Matching his desperation with her own,
Eustacia says she almost wishes he would kill her, since their
marriage is such a disaster.

Clym will not be distracted, however; he wants to know what happened
when his mother tried to visit.  In her defiance, Eustacia refuses to
explain.  Clym breaks into her writing desk and finds, among her
private letters, a single empty envelope addressed to Eustacia in
Wildeve's handwriting.

In the wild scene that follows, Clym virtually accuses his wife of
adultery; in revenge, she allows him to be tortured by his
suspicions.  Bitter remarks and recriminations flash back and forth.

Then, suddenly, Eustacia begins to cry and, trembling, offers her
hand to her husband.  We must remember how precious this hand is to
Charley, how precious it has been to Clym.  Reluctantly, he takes it,
but he says he's been bewitched by her--in the past.  Eustacia falls
to her knees, begging for pity.  Clym refuses until she names the man
who was in the house with her.  She will not.  They remain at an
impasse.  They even disagree over which of them should move out.
Eustacia finally decides to leave.  In one of Hardy's most
dramatically poignant moments, Clym, seeing that the woman who once
fascinated him is too upset to tie her own bonnet, gently ties it for
her.  But his parting words are unyielding; Eustacia leaves without
answering him.

Soon afterward, word comes to Clym that the Wildeves have named their
baby girl "Eustacia Clementine." This is a cruel joke, in his eyes.
The girl's two names will honor a marriage that has turned cold and
hollow.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 4

THE MINISTRATIONS OF A HALF-FORGOTTEN ONE

After showing Clym's uncontrollable anger--the passionate result of
his pain and loss--Hardy concentrates now on Eustacia's misery.
Again and again, he reminds us of the contrast between her present
state and her earlier hopes.  She wanders through "the dying ferns"
which were so luxuriant when she and Clym decided to marry.  Reaching
her grandfather's cottage, which had always been her home, she finds
it locked and empty.  Charley is there, however, and he is stunned to
see her desperate state.  Previously, she only let him touch her as
part of a deal; now, she leans on him for physical support.  He opens
up the house, lights a fire, and helps her eat and drink a little.
Even his kindness reminds her of better times.

After lying on a couch lifelessly for a while, Eustacia goes upstairs
to her old room.  It hasn't changed, a fact which harshly reminds her
of her own changed situation.  Hardy stresses that it is autumn, the
season of dying things.  His heroine spies a pair of pistols in her
grandfather's room.  She quickly goes downstairs and considers
committing suicide.

When she finally resolves to kill herself, however, and returns
upstairs for the weapons, they are gone.  Charley is standing
outside; Eustacia realizes that the shy, uneducated boy has guessed
her intentions.  She asks him for the pistols, which he has locked up
in the stable, but he refuses, because he loves Eustacia too much to
let her kill herself.  At this moment, when Eustacia has been feeling
completely alone in the world, Charley's love revives her.  He
promises not to tell what has happened; she promises that the moment
has passed.

That night, her grandfather kindly asks no questions when he sees her
emotional state.  Eustacia tells him only that she will stay again
with him.

NOTE:  SIMPLE PEOPLE'S HUMANITY Note that the simple people whom
Eustacia spurned, such as Charley and her grandfather, show sincere
human feeling to her now, while the sophisticated Wildeve, the
idealistic Clym, are not there when Eustacia hits rock bottom.  Many
readers feel that Hardy is saying here that human decency and
generosity are more likely to be found among simple folk than in a
cosmopolitan setting.  Eustacia, as we have seen, does not appreciate
such virtues as much as she might; this has hastened her downfall.
Hardy may want us to see that her inability to enjoy and understand
the humble people of Egdon is a great failing.

At this point, Eustacia is probably thinking only of herself and of
her ruined hopes.  Love has died, her marriage has ended, and she may
never see Paris.  She has returned to the center of the heath that
she despises.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 5

AN OLD MOVE INADVERTENTLY REPEATED

For days, Eustacia remains lifeless.  Charley, happy to be her
guardian, does every little thing he can to give her pleasure.

Eventually, she returns to her old habit of looking through her
grandfather's telescope.  In the past, she might have been searching
eagerly for her lover, Wildeve.  Now, by contrast, she sees her own
furniture being moved by Clym to his mother's house.  Rather than see
promise, she watches a defeat.  On another day, she sees Thomasin out
walking, the baby in her arms, as a nursemaid follows.  Eustacia's
lonely, abandoned life contrasts with her old rival's maternal
happiness.

Meanwhile, Charley has been preparing for November 5, expecting that
Eustacia will want a good bonfire again as she did in the past.  He
does not know, of course, that for those two years, the bonfire was a
signal to Wildeve.  On the evening of Guy Fawkes Day, exactly one
year after the beginning of this novel, Charley kindles the fire,
even though Eustacia is inside the cottage, with the shutters closed.

Charley's good, if mistaken, intentions, set the plot going again, as
if he is an unknowing agent of fate.  On first seeing the fire blaze
up, Eustacia asks Charley to put it out.  She does not want to see
Wildeve--or does she?  She doesn't insist very hard, as Charley lets
the fire blaze on.  She seems numbed, willing to take whatever
happens.

Skillfully the novelist unnerves Eustacia, and perhaps us too, with
that sound we know so well--the splash of a stone in the pond.
Eustacia, shocked, cannot move.  Wildeve, still unseen, throws a
second stone.  She moves toward him.

In the firelight, separated by the earth-bank, they speak directly,
urgently, with the familiarity of former lovers.  Eustacia urges him
to stay back; as though she's concealing herself; Wildeve,
nevertheless, can see how unhappy she is.  Eustacia, once so
aggressive, almost mannish, and resilient, now breaks down in sobs.
Wildeve offers to do anything he can to save her.  He seems more
under her power than he's ever been.  She asks help to get secretly
to Budmouth, from where she can travel at last to Paris.  She seems
unable to speak when he asks if he can go with her.

Perhaps she still feels bound by decency to her marriage; perhaps,
after all, she still loves Clym.  Perhaps she is simply not sure
about Wildeve.  Hardy doesn't tell us, possibly because Eustacia
herself doesn't know.  She knows she can use Wildeve "as a friend"
or, more irrevocably, she can become his lover.  She puts off this
decision until later; if she does decide to let him come along, she
tells him, he'll see a signal some night at eight o'clock.  Then they
can leave together at midnight that same night.

The chapter ends in confusion--Eustacia rushing away in a frenzy,
Wildeve staring from the darkness as she disappears.  Charley's
bonfire, lit to divert her from her depression, has led her toward
taking a step she had not considered before.  Charley may have saved
Eustacia from killing herself, but now, unwittingly, he's brought her
into another kind of danger.  Can Eustacia escape her imprisonment on
Egdon Heath?  Can we ever escape our own particular fates?  That is
the question Hardy poses now.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 6

THOMASIN ARGUES WITH HER COUSIN, AND HE WRITES A LETTER

Meanwhile, Clym is already hoping that Eustacia will come back to
him.  As he cleans up his mother's house, the slightest sound causes
him to think his wife has reappeared.  Notice that, even though his
anger has cooled, he still expects her to make the first move; Clym
still can't admit he was wrong.

His suspicions about Wildeve have not weakened, but on November 5,
the night of Charley's bonfire, in frustration Clym decides to visit
The Quiet Woman, hoping that Wildeve will say something that might
clear Eustacia's honor.  By chance, Wildeve has already gone off (to
Eustacia's cottage, we know) when Clym arrives.  Clym talks to
Thomasin about his marital difficulties, though he tactfully does not
mention that Wildeve may be involved.  Thomasin is horrified
nevertheless.  Always the peacemaker, she urges Clym to send for
Eustacia and patch things up.  Remember, it was also Thomasin who
wanted peace between Clym and his mother.  Gentle Thomasin, who has
suffered much, does not want others to suffer.

Clym agrees to take her advice.  That night at Blooms-End, he writes
a rambling but heartfelt plea to Eustacia.  He promises not to
mention the past, if Eustacia will only return.  Yet he puts the
letter aside for a day, still hoping she will come back first.  This
decision, surely an act of pride, will turn out to be disastrous.

Meanwhile, Wildeve has come back home, where Thomasin waits with
anxiety.  She has noticed his recent gloominess, his feeling that
Egdon Heath is a jail.  She complains that he never takes her on his
frequent walks.  In fact, she confesses, she followed him this
evening and heard him say, "Damn it, I'll go!" before vanishing into
the darkness.  Wildeve is angry at her for this, but when she begins
to cry, explaining that she has heard rumors about him and Eustacia,
Wildeve calms down.  He does not like scenes, and neither does
Thomasin.  But though Wildeve prevents a quarrel, to avoid any messy
emotional scenes, he obviously still has no intention of behaving as
Thomasin would like him to.  In fact, her fears may even make him
realize that he must act soon, if he wants Eustacia.  We can only
guess, of course, for the Wildeves are happy to leave many things
unsaid.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 7

THE NIGHT OF THE SIXTH OF NOVEMBER

The next day, Eustacia is eager to leave Egdon.  Clym could still
change her mind, but he does not appear.  Toward late afternoon, she
packs a small bundle, as an ominous storm begins to rise upon the
heath's horizon.

At eight, Eustacia signals Wildeve with a burning branch.  An
answering light appears instantly beside The Quiet Woman; Wildeve has
been watching vigilantly.  The plan is therefore set in motion--they
will meet at midnight.

After supper, Eustacia goes to her bedroom to rest, while Captain Vye
sits up, drinking alone.  At about ten, Fairway appears, bearing
Clym's letter to Eustacia.  Ironically, he had the letter for a
while, but he forgot it until now.  If he had remembered earlier,
Eustacia might have still been downstairs.  As it is, Captain Vye
assumes she's asleep and puts the letter on the mantelpiece, for her
to see the next day.  Hardy draws out the suspense hovering over this
undelivered letter.  Much later, as Captain Vye prepares for bed, he
notices a light in her room, and later he hears her crying as she
passes his door.  He goes out into the hall to tell her about the
letter, but it is too late.  She has disappeared.

Alarmed, Vye discovers that the front door is unlocked.  The letter
still sits on the mantel, untouched; we realize that Eustacia has
gone off without knowing that Clym wanted her back.  Is it just a
cruel coincidence?  Hardy points out that her determination to leave
is now so strong that even the letter really would not have stopped
her.  Neither does the bad weather, or the night, which has become
black and heavy, making us think of death, or the dark forces of
fate.

Alone at Rainbarrow, where we first met her, Eustacia stands
storm-tossed, without and within.  Questions whirl in her brain.
What will she do for money?  Will she have to humiliate herself by
becoming Wildeve's mistress?  Notice that she still has her pride and
moral standards intact; mere passion would not drive her into his
arms.  She sobs aloud and talks wildly, saying that Wildeve is "not
great enough" to satisfy her longings, or to cause her to break the
vow of marriage.  Yet, she has no money.  In a frenzy, she blames
fate, "things beyond [her] control" for ruining her life.

Suddenly, Hardy pulls back from the passion of this desperate scene
to show Susan Nunsuch, warm and secure in her cottage.  In strangely
fascinating detail, he describes her making a small doll out of
melted beeswax and giving it Eustacia's features.  Believing in old
superstitions, she is making a sort of voodoo doll.  First, she
sticks pins into the wax figure.  Then she holds it over her fire
with tongs, murmuring the Lord's Prayer backwards as the doll melts.

NOTE:  THE MAGICAL DOLL When Susan works her spell, we remember the
many times that Eustacia has been associated with fire--and with
fiery passion.  Hardy may not be asking us to believe that the spell
works in a literal way, but, just as the image is consumed by fire,
so, is Eustacia consumed by the fire of her passions.  And, just as
the image is destroyed by superstitious Susan, Eustacia has probably
been destroyed in part by the ignorance and superstition which have
surrounded and suffocated her at Egdon.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 8

RAIN, DARKNESS, AND ANXIOUS WANDERERS

As the storm gets worse, Clym anxiously waits at Blooms-End, hoping
for a reply to his letter--maybe even a visit from Eustacia herself.
He nonetheless falls asleep, only to be aroused by a female voice.
Eagerly, he opens the door, thinking Eustacia has returned, but it is
instead Thomasin, looking pitiful, with her baby in her arms.  She
reports that Wildeve means to run off with Eustacia, but he hasn't
left yet; she wants Clym to persuade him not to go.  He agrees.

As Clym is dressing, Captain Vye appears next, looking for Eustacia.
He has just heard from Charley about the incident with the pistols,
and fears that Eustacia has gone off to kill herself.  Clym assures
him they will find her at Wildeve's, but Vye decides to return home
to wait for her.  Clym heads for The Quiet Woman.

For some time, Thomasin tries to wait patiently.  But unable to
endure the suspense, she finally snatches up her daughter and plunges
back into the pouring rain.  Her journey is difficult, but her
reaction to the wild weather is, unlike Eustacia's, accepting and
rational.  Despite her familiarity with the heath, though, she
eventually gets lost, and, coincidentally, she comes upon Diggory
Venn's empty van.

Suddenly, as if by magic, he appears.  In the confusion of the stormy
night, he doesn't recognize Thomasin at first.  In fact, he says,
some other woman had just passed by, sobbing; Thomasin intuitively
knows it must have been Eustacia, and resolves to find her.  Diggory
takes the baby carefully, following Thomasin's firm, brusque
instructions.  Notice that she seems much stronger with this man than
with her husband.

When they see a light, she thinks they've reached the inn, but
Diggory stops her from heading on alone, and saves her from falling
into a deep swamp.  Once again, Venn has protected Thomasin from
danger.  Even so, she will not trust him with the secret of what is
going on.  Perhaps she simply is too loyal, or too proud, to tell a
man who loves her that her husband is about to run away.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 9

SIGHTS AND SOUNDS DRAW THE WANDERERS TOGETHER

Notice the purposely deadpan tone of this chapter title.  Suspense is
high, but Hardy pretends that events are happening by themselves,
that even he is not in control.

As we now learn, Wildeve had decided that money would solve
everything.  He planned to ease his conscience by leaving half his
inheritance to Thomasin; then Eustacia could share the rest with him.
Hardy, however, probably would not agree that money by itself is the
answer to any human problem; Wildeve is shallow and deluded.  He is
also being stood up.  He waits in the rain with his horse and gig
until a quarter past midnight.  At the sound of a footstep, he rushes
forward, calling "Eustacia?"; the light from his lamp falls upon
Clym.  Hardy seems to be stressing that the unexpected is part of
life.  Wildeve awaits his love; instead, he finds her husband.

Suddenly, the two men are startled by the sound of a body falling
into the nearby stream near a weir, or small dam.  Clym immediately
senses it must be Eustacia, alarming Wildeve.

Together, the rivals rush to the circular pool below the weir.
Swollen by the storm, it has become a raging whirlpool.  They glimpse
a body in the water; Wildeve jumps in passionately, without thinking.
Typically, Clym acts more rationally, first positioning the lamp and
then wading in from a shallow area.  Nonetheless, he too is drawn
into the whirlpool.

Now Thomasin and Diggory arrive on the scene.  Venn, hands the baby
to Thomasin and tells her to rush home for help.  Notice the
symbolism behind the actions of each character in this scene:  just
as in their emotional lives, Wildeve is impulsive, Clym tries to be
calm but is swept away, and Diggory plods through competently to the
end.

Finally, Diggory seizes a body and drags it out.  It is a man, with
another man clutching onto his legs.  As help arrives, the
unconscious figures are laid upon the grass.  It was Wildeve, holding
on to Clym.  Some readers think Wildeve grabbed Clym to save himself;
others think he was trying to drag Clym down with him.  Your answer
will depend on your final assessment of Wildeve's character.

Quickly, the pool is probed with a pole, and an object is felt.
Again, Venn goes into the water, and comes up with Eustacia's cold
body.

The three victims are taken back to The Quiet Woman and laid close to
the fire.  Eventually, Clym alone comes back to life.  Diggory,
uncertain of the role he should play now, leaves and then wanders
back.  Thomasin has thoughtfully left a message that Diggory should
have whatever he wants.  He stands by the fireplace, pondering how
things have changed since the raffle, the last time he was there.
Like Hardy, Diggory sees the future is uncertain, appearances can
deceive, and there is no such thing in human affairs as permanence.
The nurse comes downstairs, to try to dry out the paper money found
on Wildeve's body, but we realize that all his lucky money can't help
him now.

Early in the morning, Charley appears for news of Eustacia.  Looking
dead himself, Clym allows Charley to view her corpse.  Ironically,
both Eustacia and Wildeve look as handsome as ever in death, although
Wildeve's fingers show telling scars of a desperate failed attempt to
hold on to life.

The atmosphere of peace is shattered, however, by Clym's eerie
remark, that Eustacia is the second woman he's killed this year.
Diggory tells him not to feel responsible, but Clym cannot listen.
No matter how good his intentions were, the consequences have been
tragic.  He feels that no punishment will ever help him atone for
being involved in the deaths of two women he loved.

Was Clym really at fault?  Or was he the victim of chance
occurrences?  Could both things be true at once?  Hardy lets you
wrestle with that problem on your own.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: BOOK SIX: AFTERCOURSES

Because of public demand, Hardy changed his intended ending in this
short, final book.  Readers who had been following this tale of Egdon
Heath in magazine form, as it first appeared, did not want to be left
with a completely unhappy conclusion.  Against his original plan,
Hardy now lets some light and joy into this novel of darkness and
tragedy.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 1

THE INEVITABLE MOVEMENT ONWARD

Their death makes Eustacia and Wildeve become legendary in the Egdon
area, as if these two had really been larger than life.  Yet
Thomasin's private grief for her husband is gradually eased over the
following year, by the delight of seeing baby Eustacia grow.
Thomasin and her daughter move back to Blooms-End, where Clym keeps
to himself in a couple of upstairs rooms.  Thomasin is now wealthy
and independent, with Wildeve's legacy, but she and her cousin live
quite simply.

Unlike Eustacia, Clym does not blame fate for his situation; he
bitterly reproaches himself.  As another year passes, Clym is still
only dimly aware of the happy domestic life shared by Thomasin and
her daughter in their part of the house.  He is studying again, using
books with very large type because of his still-weak vision.  Clym
seems scarred, crippled almost by his tragedy.

One summer day, Diggory appears at Blooms-End.  He's a new man, no
longer stained with red.  As Clym enters, Venn explains that he's
given up the reddleman's trade to take over his late father's dairy
herd.  He and Thomasin are uneasy with each other, but Clym,
typically, does not notice.

We learn that the common folk are going to put up a Maypole in an
adjacent field for a festival the following day.  That evening, Clym
watches as the young people wreathe the pole with wildflowers.

NOTE:  THE SYMBOL OF THE MAYPOLE The Maypole, Hardy notes, is a relic
of pagan customs.  Remember that we have already seen festivals
associated with other seasons:  the Christmas party in winter, the
moonlight dance in summer, the bonfires of autumn.  Now we will see
the festival of spring, symbolic of fertility and renewed life.  It
suggests that new life may also be possible for Thomasin.

The next morning, Thomasin wakes to see the pole in place and smell
the sweet fragrance of its flowers.  The sight delights her, and, for
the first time since Wildeve's death, she dresses in bright clothes.
Clym compliments her.  When she blushes, he suddenly wonders if she
might be trying to attract him.  It's an unsettling thought; love,
for him, burnt itself out with Eustacia.  As the brass band arrives,
Clym slips away, unable to endure the good times.  He doesn't return
until dusk, when the scene is quiet again.  Thomasin, he learns, had
not joined the party, out of a sense of propriety.

Outside, one figure remains, strolling idly; it is Diggory.  Thomasin
tells him that she watched him dance and noticed that he had his pick
of dancing partners all evening.  Venn says he is waiting for the
moon to rise so that he can find a glove dropped by an unnamed young
woman, someone he did not dance with.  Thomasin is astounded,
particularly since he still has a long walk home ahead of him.

From inside the house, she watches as he searches.  She tells herself
that she is annoyed that he should behave so foolishly, now that he's
respectable, but we may detect an undercurrent of jealousy.  Finally,
she sees Diggory find the glove and kiss it before putting it in his
breast-pocket.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 2

THOMASIN WALKS IN A GREEN PLACE BY THE ROMAN ROAD

Days later, Thomasin tells Clym that she is still wondering about the
identity of the owner of the glove, fretting that none of the dancers
was good enough for Diggory.  Thomasin's gentle, childish obsession
is a touching sign of her awakening emotions--far different from the
wild passions we've seen other lovers show.

Some time later, Thomasin cannot find one of her own gloves.  Rachel,
a young servant, confesses that she borrowed Thomasin's gloves for
the Maypole dance and lost one.  Diggory, Rachel adds, knew this.
Stunned, Thomasin ponders this information all afternoon.

The next day, Diggory appears on horseback as Thomasin is playing
with little Eustacia on the heath.  Thomasin abruptly asks for the
glove.  Diggory pulls it out of his breast-pocket.  As they go on
talking they begin to tease each other, beginning a flirtation.
Soon, the two are meeting regularly at this hollow of the heath, near
the old Roman road.  A new cycle of love begins in this ancient,
timeless place.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 3

THE SERIOUS DISCOURSE OF CLYM WITH HIS COUSIN

Meanwhile, ironically, Clym has begun to feel that it may be his duty
to marry Thomasin.  He feels he does not love her, but he feels sorry
for her, and, after all, his mother, always wanted them to get
together.  Some readers think Clym is fooling himself, talking
himself into doing something he really wants to do anyway.  Others
feel he's being honest when he admits he is "a mere corpse of a
lover."

Finally, Clym decides to let Thomasin decide.  When he tries to bring
up the subject with her, however, she has news of her own; she wants
his approval of her decision to marry.  Once more, Clym's indecision
has made him delay an action until it's too late.  He gives her his
approval--until he learns that her choice is Venn.  Clym, for all his
idealistic love of his fellow man, secretly shares his mother's
strain of snobbery, and he doesn't think Diggory is good enough.  But
Thomasin knows herself; she admits that she has "countrified ways,"
and says she "couldn't be happy anywhere else but Egdon." (How unlike
Eustacia!)

To do him credit, Clym doesn't really want to be an obstacle; he
appreciates Venn's honest, kind, steady qualities.  Thomasin points
out that Diggory is much more respectable in his new line of work.
Some days later, Humphrey tells Clym that the lovers are meeting
frequently.  Finally, Thomasin takes matters into her own hands,
telling Clym that a date for the wedding has been set.

NOTE:  THE FOOTNOTE In a strange footnote, Hardy sketches for the
reader his originally intended ending, where Thomasin remains widow
and Diggory goes on in his isolated, weird life as a reddleman.  The
novelist suggests that the "true" ending is "the more consistent
conclusion." Happy or unhappy--which ending is in fact the "more
consistent" with the rest of the book?  We know what Hardy believes,
but all readers may not agree with him.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: CHAPTER 4

CHEERFULNESS AGAIN ASSERTS ITSELF AT BLOOMS-END, AND CLYM FINDS HIS VOCATION

On the morning of the wedding, the familiar crowd of villagers
gathers at Fairway's cottage to make a goose-feather mattress for the
newlyweds.  As usual, Grandfer Cantle and Christian argue, and
Fairway keeps the peace.  The natures of the Egdon commonfolk do not
change, as we know.  Unexpectedly early, the wedding party passes by
outside.  This marriage has taken place rapidly, quite unlike
Thomasin's first one.  The villagers cheer the couple, an obviously
popular pair.

That afternoon, Clym works alone upstairs on a sermon.  He will not
join the wedding feast in the evening, because he would not be happy
in the company.  Only two-and-a-half years earlier, it was unhappy
Thomasin who would not participate in the Christmas party given for
him.  Hardy loves to remind us of these contrasts.

When the celebration begins at evening, Clym slips out unobserved and
walks to a point where he can see Eustacia's former home.  Charley,
too, walks by, still depressed by Eustacia's death himself.  He asks
Clym for some keepsake that belonged to her.  Back at Blooms-End,
Clym gives the boy a lock of Eustacia's hair, which Charley kisses
tearfully.

As the two go back out into the night, dim-sighted Clym asks Charley
to describe what can be seen of the festivities through the window.
The party is lively; no one misses Clym.  Symbolically, perhaps, Clym
has already begun his solitary life as a preacher, separated from the
activities of ordinary people.

The following Sunday, Clym can be seen atop Rainbarrow, his wife's
old lookout point.  He is not waiting for romantic love, however; he
is preaching about brotherly love to a group of heath men and women.
This afternoon, his text is from the Bible, a reference to King
Solomon's willingness to do his mother's will.  Clym is still feeling
guilty about his behavior toward his mother.

Hardy tells us that Clym will continue this new career, traveling
widely.  He will do well enough; some people will agree with his
ideas, and everyone will be kind, because of what has happened to
him.

NOTE:  HEROES OR VILLAINS?  As the story ends, you may probably agree
that no character has been really wicked.  On the other hand, no
character has been blameless.  Although Hardy's characters are very
different from each other, they do have this in common--like all
human beings, they are a mixture of selfishness and generosity, of
cruelty and kindness.  And they are all affected by the arbitrary
workings of fate.

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: GLOSSARY

"BARLEY MOW"  A famous and racy country song

BUSTARD  A big, long-legged game bird

COURSER  A particularly lively and graceful horse

DAB  An expert

DOMESDAY Domesday Book, an ancient British record of land values and
ownership compiled in 1086

FURZE  A dark evergreen shrub found on wastelands

GALLICROW  A scarecrow

GALLOWAY  A small, very hardy horse

HEATH  A large open area of wasteland; a moor

KNAP  The top of a hill

LAMMAS-TIDE The 1st of August (Lammas Day), traditional celebration
of the first harvest

MICHAELMAS The 29th of September, feast day of St.  Michael and the
beginning of autumn

MUMMERS  Masked actors in Christmas pantomimes

OGEE  A curve shaped like an S

PIS ALLER  The last resort

PITT DIAMOND  Crown jewel of the last kings of France

RAMES  A skeleton

REDDLE (REDDING)  An orange-red dye used on sheep

SERPENT An old-fashioned snake-shaped wind instrument, sounding like
a modern bassoon

SKIMMITY-RIDE A boisterous rural procession staged to make fun of a
spouse who has been unfaithful or has been betrayed

SLACK-TWISTED  Lethargic, inactive

STAVE  A song

TUSSAUD COLLECTION  Madame Tussaud's, a world-famous London wax museum

VICINAL WAY  A small local road

VLANKERS  Sparks

ZANY  A simpleton or fool


Eustacia Vye despises the heath and the workfolk...  [she] embodies
the decadence of the bourgeoisie, who, for want of anything better,
glorify the individual.

-G.  W.  Sherman, The Pessimism of Thomas Hardy, 1976

...in spite of the fact that the agonies endured by Hardy's
characters are not arbitrarily inflicted by the gods or Fate or
the President of the Immortals, but organically derive from their
being the kind of people they are, still, Hardy intimates, there
is immense sorrow in the fact that things are as they are.... Life
is painful, existence is an agony to be endured--to deny that
Hardy felt this is to misread him, perversely or wrongheadedly.

-Geoffrey Thurley,
The Psychology of Hardy's Novels, 1975

He wrote and wrote again, and he never found it easy.  He lacked
elegance, he never learned the trick of the whip-lash phrase, the
complicated lariat twirling of the professed stylists....

-Katherine Anne Porter,
Notes on a Criticism of Thomas Hardy, 1940

In both his novels and his poetry Hardy's thoughts revolve frequently
around the comic or tragic irony of the mischances of the marital
relation....  At the root of his polemics are his sense of the
injustice of imposing a permanent bond as the penalty for a passing
desire and his knowledge of the numberless instances in which love
has been stifled by obligation.

-Samuel Chew, Thomas Hardy,
Poet and Novelist, 1929

It is the force of circumstance--the malignant power of Egdon Heath
to dwarf and thwart the aspiring soul--that drives Eustacia Vye to
irretrievable disaster.  It is circumstance too that involves her
husband in the same calamity, for he can hardly be held more
fortunate in escaping with his life.  His mother falls beneath a
stroke of fortune utterly undeserved.

-J. W. Cunliffe, English Literature
During the Last Half-Century, 1923

[Hardy's] creative power shows itself most continuously and most
characteristically in its capacity to embody its inspiration in
visible form.  Before he does anything else, Hardy wants to make you
see with your mind's eye the action of the tale he is telling.
Indeed, his creative impulse seems to have instinctively expressed
itself in picture.

-David Cecil, Hardy the Novelist, 1946

                               THE END